Death Penalty :: essays research papers

One of the most controversial debates that rages constantly in this country is the argument over whether nifty punishment should be out(p) justiceed. There atomic number 18 two basics arguments within the debate over capital punishment First is the question of whether capital punishment is moral, or more simply put, whether it is right. And gage is the question of whether capital punishment is constitutional. Although the death penalisation has come far into the forefront recently, the constitutionality of the death penalty is non a new question. The death penalty has never been outlawed nationally per se, but for a period in the mid 1970s the Supreme Court changed the rules about capital punishment so that it was intimately undoable for a state to put a prisoner to death under any circumstances. The problems that death penalty opponents have with capital punishment faeces be found in the Bill of Rights, or more specifically, the fifth and eight amendments. The fifth amendm ent gives every citizen of the United States the right to "due process of law", meaning full access to courts and proper representation, etc. Many believe that a great number of inmates on death row have not been given due process, and that no one should be put to death if they have not been given their right to it. The eighth amendment bars the government from doling out any "cruel or unusual punishment" to its prisoners. Although it is certainly debatable whether execution is cruel and/or unusual, many believe that it is, and therefore is a violation of the eighth amendment. There are many facets to this argument, and even an updated Supreme Court ruling is unlikely to quell the debate. There is also another very disputative point in the debate over capital punishment. Obviously, the penalty of death is the most final punishment possible. Many death penalty opponents say that the capital punishment should never be used in a case where the jury or judge is not 100 % sure of guilt. They say that, because it is impossible to ever be 100% sure about anything, the death penalty should not be used when someone might be innocent.

Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’

The state of nature Is the term used to describe a lawless state of forgiving behavior, wherein all people are free of legal and moral restraint. It would create a state where all people would be able to act on their wants and desires without fear of punishment from a governing body, as there wouldnt be one, and that man would only have to fear the revenge from other people against their actions. In this essay, I depart be outlining the views of both Hobbes and Locke on the state of nature and drawing a conclusion from their opinions.Hobbes view on the state of nature is that such a thing would lead only to a state of war. He believed that without moral or legal constraints, mankind impart simply pillage, murder, and plunder In monastic order to get what they desire, regardless of the views of others. In a state of war, man go forth use power as he sees fit In order to survive and with no clear definition of rights or duty, each Individual will be free to Judge the rights and duties of others and of themselves.There will be no duty to keep other people safe and out of harm and no-one will have the explicit right to live or to keep heir property. If another says that you hold something he needs to survive, you would have no right to deny him as there is no law or right outlining that it was yours and yours alone. As our desires are never satisfied and we have a continuous want of things, man will continue to overturn others if it means he gets what he wants in life, whether or not he truly needs it.He believes in the state of nature translating to a state of anarchy, as no human will ever be satisfied with what they have and will always strive for more. Hobbes claims that In a lawless state, we may not wish designate arm onto others, but we will be constantly aware that other people may wish to harm us. In order to prevent organism the volt, we would attack first In order to stay alive, thus becoming the aggressor. Self-preservation In a lawless state, In Hobbes opinion, would only ever lead to strife as man turns on man In order to keep themselves alive.Due to this, we would never trust another person and the lack of alliance or committedness would lead to us all being equally vulnerable. So despite the lack of rights or duty, each of us are equal in a state of nature, as we are all equally able to be pushed over by the person beside us, whether they are friend or otherwise. Hobbes is very some(prenominal) in agreement that living in a state of nature would be truly awful. Locke, however, doesnt completely agree.He doesnt believe as Hobbes does that scarcity In confederacy and living in a state lawlessness would lead to man killing man In order to stay alive. He believes that people will provide themselves with natural moral principles that we are all inclined towards. Locke drew this belief from his belief in God and the creation of Man and all things on the Earth. By this logic, we have a duty to value others from harm. We are therefore obligated, as Gods creations, to punish those that cause harm to others, and those principals would be our natural obligations.He also believes that we cannot claim property unless our labor helped create what is on the land, but we still have no lawful right to it and the supposed right to it is not dependable. He proposed that removal from a state of law would create a underframe of democracy among men where they would govern themselves and keep themselves in equal measure in order to create a fair semblance of society. Locke thinks that society can exist in a state of nature and exist informally, so he disagrees with the account that living in a state of nature would be awful in any sense.He believes that people can and will work together to protect themselves and each other as we have an obligation to care for other people as a natural instinct. By Lockers reasoning, man would eventually place into an unspoken social contract and form a crude government to b etter protect their rights and promote organization in their society. I believe that although a state of nature would initially lead to man taking whatever he pleased from others and doing what he had been previously unable to do, eventually a form of society would emerge.People cannot continue without governing themselves and eventually they would create some form of law in order to govern themselves and protect their rights and duties. Initially living in a state of nature would be awful because there would be the breakaway from lawful restraint and that new freedom would lead to complete uproar as the population of the world indulged in all they had been unable to do. I still, however, believe that Lockers state of things would prevail and that man would find a way to swot up themselves in order to survive and beat the inevitable scarcity.

Cari’s Story Essay

A) How could an infection in Caris nasal passages and pharynx blossom forth into her sinuses? Mucous membranes of the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and middle ear are connected by ducts in the throat.B) What is a cough reflex? Describe the process that Caris respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing? A cough reflex has both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) components. Pulmonary irritant receptors (cough receptors) in the epithelium of the respiratory tract are sensitive to both mechanical and chemical stimuli. Stimulation of the cough receptors by dust or other inappropriate particles produces a cough, which is necessary to remove the foreign material from the respiratory tract before it reaches the lungs. A long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the glottis, which results in a strong exhalation that suddenly punches the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages.C) Which social organisation fou nd in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Caris lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Macrophages are present (wandering phagocytes) that remove dust particles and other rubble from the alveolar space.D) How would the resistance of Caris airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? The lung aptitude is decreased because the air space is already filled with mucus and fluids therefore she cant take in enough oxygen. The extra mucus and fluids put extra pressure on the lungs.E) How would Caris lungs compliance (the effort required to fly off the handle thelungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? The fluid makes it harder to expand the lungs because the fluid makes the alveoli sticky and unable(p) to open/expand.F) How would fluid in Caris lungs affect her total lung capacity? Her lung capacity would go down because the air space is already being taken up by fluid.G) How does the elevation of Caris respiratory rate alter her refined ventilation? The elevation of Caris respiratory rate should increase her minute ventilation.H) Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94 pct Caris blood oxygen saturation level was 90 percent at the time of her exam and an initial arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial Po2 was 54 mmHg. How do these clinical findings link up to the internal respiration in Caris body? Caris oxygen saturation level was 90% and the Po2 of would show that her arteries are having too much oxygen. A normal resenting mmHg is 40% and exercises lower Po2 level. A normal resting oxygen level is 94%.I) Which of the symptoms Cari has described are due to lack of oxygen and reduced oxygen exchange at her tissues? Cari said she is panting like a dog is from the lack of oxygen and reduces her oxygen exchange.J) As Caris PCO2 rose how was oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin affected? As Caris Pco2 rose, how was the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin affected? The oxygen carrying of hemoglobin volume with the rise of Pco2 testament decrease since the Co2 will take O2s.? Caris pH and Pco2 will decrease and her rate of breathing will also be decreasing.K) How would you have expected Caris decreased PCO2 and alcalescent blood PH to have affected her breathing? Caris pH and Pco2 will decrease and her rate of breathing will also be decreasing. L) How would electric pig of oxygen enhance Caris central drive to breathe? The fluid in her lungs makes ithard to expand because the fluid makes the alveoli sticky and it cant expand and open. Cari will breathe better when oxygen was administered to her.M) Which anatomical structures in Caris respiratory system were initially involved? The structures involved are the trachea, nasal, pharynx, and larynx, and the lungs.N) Why was Cari plagued with a chronic mucklers cough?Cari is plagued with a chronic smokers cough because she has a 20 year his tory of smoking.O) Which damaging effects of tobacco smoke led to Caris impaired respiratory defenses mechanisms? There are damages to the epithelial with those damages comes the bodys repair process.P) How did pneumonia affect Caris lung exploit?Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by nearly any class of organism known to cause human infections, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It results in an inflammatory response in spite of appearance the small air spaces of the lung (alveoli).

Mobile Phone and Social Media

There are days when I wish marathoner werent even Invented-Yet I try to call back life without social media, and it makes me sad to realize how many people I would no longer be in contact with. The people I propound with the most on Faceable are non the people that Im closest to in life. Instead its the people who either live in other cities or nominate moved on to other schools and our lives no longer intersect on a daily or weekly basis. Im able to stay in situation with these people in a way that I wouldnt be able to without Faceable.Were able to share articles, books, recipes, and ideas. Im able to see them accomplish life goals, get married, get under ones skin families. Although these friendships are not the same as the friendships I have with my close friends and family, I still value the connection. Social media and smart phones are now a permanent part of society, and I think that is, for the most part, a positive thing. L, for one, am going to try to set aside my phon e and ignore Faceable for hours at a time, and Im going to get out of the bait of touching my phone during family and school times.I want to someday have a family, and when I do, devices willing not be allowed at family meetings, so it makes sense to get out of the habit now. Im going to continue to post interesting articles and photos when I see them. But Im not going to constantly check to see how many likes and comments have. As for use my smartened in public, thats not really an Issue for me. Im usually daydreaming. anticipate up from your phone. turf out down the display. Stop watching this video. Live life the real way.This shows me that the rate of successful relationships has gone down because people are to busy using their phones for testing and social media Instead of Interacting with each other. I think that smart phones have been ruling peoples social life. I think that the message I picked will aid me later In elite. I would definitely recommend this video to famil y and friends because it has a deep message in it and it could help in their life. Mobile resound and Social Media By sucroseCultural Perspective I-J/ England By now, if you spend any time on Faceable, youve probably seen the Look Up video. Relationship with smart phones and social media. I hate how it has become a reflex smartness werent even invented. Yet I try to imagine life without social media, and an issue for me. Im usually daydreaming. Look up from your phone. Shut down the people are to busy using their phones for testing and social media instead of interacting with each other. Message I picked will help me later in life.

Persuading the Teacher to let me do my Research Paper on Prison Essay

Abstract The United States is currently facing an overcrowding crisis in its prisons today. Increased rate of crime and the refusal by the relevant state political relation activity to expand the number of correctional facilities has put a strain to the existing prisons. This has been recently been revisited in the national forums with calls from the concerned stakeholders to address the situation before it gets by of hand. Overcrowding according to prison authorities has reached peak levels to an extent that inmates ar forced to share cells. The negative impacts of overcrowding are known and they include aggression and a high likelihood of disease spreading (Paulus, P et al 112). This situation needs to be arrested. There exist many strategies on the table that can be used to curb overcrowding. These would range from building new facilities, alternative correctional methods and proper designs of the correctional facilities. (www.johnhoward.ab.ca). The purpose of this short essa y is to apply all the telling and writing schools acquired, use them to convince my instructor on why I should be allowed to tackle the above topic. In this paper, I shall look at the resources that are theyre touching on this topic, and use them to present a solid case and position regarding the topic. This all is meant to prove to my instructor that this is a topic precious tackling and that I am the right person.The possible thesis statement for the essay will be The federal government should allocate adequate resources to alleviate the business of overcrowding in our prisons. This thesis statement emanates form a personal belief and strong conviction that the situation as it stands in our prisons breeds more problem that it seeks to solve. The government has a key duty to provide essential services to all the citizens of this nation in spite of the status in life. The inmates are no lesser human beings than us ad deserve all the resources possible to make their stay in prison meaningful. There are two very circumstantial reasons that have aroused my intense interest of covering this specific topic. The first is my background and secondly is my interest in championing for human rights. Having been born and bred in a crime prone environment I have a first hand experience with criminals and a better understanding of why people muff in crime. The political, social and economical factors that can lead to crime. The prisons are supposed to be correctional facilities and not to excessively punish and waste the potentials possessed by the inmates. In writing this research paper I intend to utilize a large number of resources. The Internet and the library will provide a good source of information on overcrowding. Goggle scholar for example has lots of articles covering this topic. For example an article by Anne Bolduc our crowded prisons provides useful insights (Pg 45-57). From the library, a book by Stephen D, et al (Americas correctional crisis, Pg 12-56) f ocuses on the topic. There will be supplemented by other journal articles and materials from the web. This is an interesting topic and I plan to invest a lot of my time to expound more on the existing information.Works CitedPaulus, P, Cox V & McCain, G Death rates, psychiatrical commitments, blood pressure and perceived crowding as a function of institutional crowding. Environmental psychology and non-verbal behavior, 3, 1978. 107-116Prison overcrowding. John Howard Society of Alberta, 1996. Retrieved on 21/09/07 from http//www.johnward.ab.ca/pub/c42.htmAnne Bulduc. Our crowded prisons, animals of the American academy of political and social science. 1985, 45-57Stephen D. Gottfredson, Sean McConville. Americas Correctional Crisis. Prison populations and public policy. Greenwood Press, 1987, 12-56

Response to the Story “Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self”

Beauty When the Other Dancer is the Self written by Alice Walker, is a gentle and easy to understand story. It is not that the story is a boring and no highlight. When reading the book, its like I am hear my friends story. Alices emotion changed totally different before and after the accident. Before the accident, she described herself as if she was the around beautiful and thinking(a) girl in the world. When Alice was precisely two and a half years old, when her father was chosen which kids to take with him to the fair, she knew that it would definitely be her, because she was the prettiest.When she six years old, she learned by heart the longest Easter speech. In her beautiful dress, Alice rose to give a speech in a great wave of love and pride and expectation. People praised her to be the cutest things and she was proud about that. The way Alice described herself and how other people applauded and admired her show a very sure-footed and some(a)time a bit of haughty in her. Tw o years later, Alice was an eight years old tomboy. Like almost other kids, she was trying to keep whatever her older brothers do. But because she is a girl, so instead of getting a gun, she could only play with her bow and arrow.This is the turning point of the story, when the accident happed and safe and sound changed Alices life. She was shot in the eye by the BB gun of her brothers. The doctor said that Alice would likely to be blind, not only one but two eyes. She was terrified but what she care the most is not about whether she could see or not. It is her beautiful that she cared about. She cicatriceed how people would look at the glop of whitish scar on her eyes. She was no longer the prettiest and the cutest girl. For six years, Alice did not raise her head and stare at anyone.The scare took everything from her her beauty, her pride and her person from within. Alice asked her mother and sister whether she changed. What does she unfeignedly mean by the word change? Her beauty or her personality? The answer was no but this was because Alices mother and sister did not want to hurt her or because they really thought that she had never changed? What they saw in her is her personality not her appearance. However, Alice at that time was only a little girl. I do not expect she will care or think deeper about things and people around her.The eight years old girl only cared that people would never admire or applauded her again. To the little Alice, beauty was too important. She hated her eyes, she abused it every night and she praised for beauty. Six years later, Alice was comfortable enough to find a good doctor and got her glop removed. This event, on more time, change her life or in another word, her attitude toward life. Alice moved from a closed person who only saw the world with black color into a positive and active person. She won the boyfriend of her dream, made plenty of friends and got highly good result in study.The appearance was no longer important to Alice. She talked about her beautiful classmate with a sarcastic voice Ironically, the girl who was voted the most beautiful in our class (and was) was later shot twice through the chest by a male companion, using a real gun, plot of ground she was pregnant Nineteen years later since the accident, Alice was no more a little girl she had a little daughter named Rebecca. Still, deep inside her, the scare that her different eyes would make her little baby felt ashamed and she prepared herself for that.But no, Rebecca did not scare of her mom. Instead, the baby saw a entire world in that eye. She saw her mother eye as the most wonderful thing on earth. This totally pulled Alice out of the past. She was no more hangdog of her difference. She understand that the most cherish thing of a person is not the out-side appearance but it is the beautiful personal inside. Again, Alice saw herself as a beautiful, whole and free person. The story ended with a happy ending that Alice finally found herself and gained back her confident.However, I question myself that what if, Alice was never found such a good doctor, and the scare would never be removed. Will she change? Will she realizes that the inner personality is the most important? Apparently from the story that Alice only changed when she got some part of her beauty back. Maybe because at that time she was just a small girl who did not understand much about life and what is the true up value of it. If the scar still there, maybe she would change someday when she grew up and maybe she would never change.

Mainstreaming: Special Education and Regular Classroom Essay

Mainstreaming is an distinguished issue and materialism that has a direct impact on all parties involved, including educators, students and p arents. Mainstreaming is a matter that has become very controversial and therefore it requires important awareness and mind from all peoples involved. One essential way of gaining this understanding and awareness is by reviewing what mainstreaming really is, as well as the positive and negative aspects that may arise from it. Defining the Issue Mainstreaming.Mainstreaming, now more normally referred to as inclusion, is thought of as the integration of exceptional students into regular breedingal settings, in which emphasis is placed on participation rather than placement (Perry, Winne & Woolfolk, 2000 p. 136). A class room that is mainstreamed, is one which includes many different types of learners in other words, mainstreaming is a classroom that accommodates students with disabilities and those without, as well as those students who are t hought of as cosmos gifted with an IQ score of above average.Disabled children in a mainstreamed classroom may vary greatly in the types of disability they major power affirm. For example, children may have one or more of the following disabilities physical, behavioral, mental or learning disability. It is evident then, that a classroom that is mainstreamed will and so present a routine of challenges for the teacher, since he or she must accommodate to so many different needs of the students. The main purpose of mainstreaming is to equally have a bun in the oven and promote a typical classroom experience for all students (Lyness, 2001, p.3).However, this does not exclude the usage of outside support services such as teachers service or resource rooms. Therefore, the basic idea of mainstreaming is for students to discover assistance, while also benefiting from a regular classroom atmosphere. Positive Viewpoints of Mainstreaming There are a number of interesting points that su pport the idea of mainstreaming. For example, in a mainstreamed classroom all particular(a) training students must have an Individual Education computer programme (IEP).An IEP is an annually revised program detailing present achievement level, goals and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, particular(a)ist and if possible the student (Perry, Winne, & Woolfolk, 2000, p. 138). The use of the IEP is geared to accept the needs of the limited(prenominal) teaching student. This is an issue that should be further educated and explained to the parties involved, most importantly the parents, since most of them pure tone that their child may not be receiving the support that they need in order to perform adequately in a regular classroom.As mentioned previously, students in a mainstreamed classroom receive support services such as teachers aids and access to resource rooms. Resource rooms are generally equipped with materials that are designed to come across the needs of the s pecial educational student. A student may spent as much time as they need in the resource room with a special education teacher in order to receive the extra help they need. some other point that supports the idea of manstreaming is the fact that it seems to be upright for all students, some(prenominal) disabled and non-disabled.For example, placing special education students in a regular classroom reduces the risk of the student as being labeled or stigmatized. This point stands out clearly in the statement by Perry, Winne & Woolfolk (2000) that Segregation away from the mainstream in special classes robs disabled students of the opportunity to learn to participate fully in society, robs non-disables students of the opportunity to develop understanding and acceptance of the disabled, and increases the likelihood that the individual will be stigmatized (p. 139).Also, a classroom that includes and involves different types of learners is one that will be more accepting of the diffe rences present amongst the students. According to studies by Lyness (2001), research has shown that students without disabilities who are in a mainstreamed classroom accept and value the differences in their classmates, have enhanced self esteem, and a genuine capacity for friendship. It is important for students to respect the differences of their peers, which is what a mainstreamed classroom helps to accomplish.Negative Viewpoints of Mainstreaming Along with the good points of mainstreaming come a number of interesting points that do not support the idea of mainstreaming. For example, in a mainstreamed classroom a child may not feel a sense of belonging from other children. This may been displayed in the form of teasing or ridicule, in which the special education students self esteem is greatly affected. Feelings of inadequacy to keep up with non-disabled students may also arise amongst special education students.Perry, Winne & Woolfolk (2000), state that disabled students potbel ly be just as socially isolated in a regular class as they would in a special education class, across the hall across the country (p. 139). Another pessimistic viewpoint of mainstreaming is the great demand that is places on the teachers. With so few teachers available and the heroic amount of students in need of assistance, it is impossible for teachers to focus special attention on individual students with special educational needs.This creates a problem for both the teacher, whose job becomes absolutely over whelming and stressful, as well as the special education student who lacks the vital support and attention that he or she may need. Mainstreaming may also place pressure on special education students. For example, a special education student may feel that he or she may have to perform at the same level as his or her fellow classmates even though the disability they possess prevents them from doing so.Fracine McNamara states how mainstreaming is very difficult for special nee ds children ?and it is hard enough for a regular education child to keep up with the curriculum and the world, it is even harder for a children with road blocks (Pantazis, 2000, p. 11). My Opinion As this paper demonstrates, I also agree that there are positive and negative aspects that are associated with mainstreaming. I do agree that children should have individual programs that support their needs, as they would receive in a special education program if these needs can be met within a regular classroom, all the better.I also retrieve that by placing special education students in a regular classroom, this can increase their motivation to perform well in school. Often, when children are placed in special education classrooms, they do not perform to the best of their ability because they are stigmatized into thinking they can not do better. I also believe another advantage of mainstreaming is the fact that special needs children may begin to model the positive behaviors of regular studentssuch as completion of homework, improved social skills and age appropriate behaviors.This is especially important for children with behavior problems, since they often may need a positive role model in order to perform to the best of their ability. I also believe that in some cases exceptional students are very good in non-academic areas such as sports, drawing and mainstreaming allows these students to share their skills with regular students. This, in turn, is beneficial for both parties.However, I also believe that in some cases mainstreaming is not the best option for all special needs children. Some childrens needs go far beyond what a regular classroom can offer. Self-contained programs are necessary for these types of children, programs that teach children skills that will be useful to the in the real world, and also prepare them for community living. These life skills may include personal hygiene, money managing, basic household chores and safety.Also, severely hand icapped children need to be in contact with other students who share a common affliction. This is not likely to happen in a mainstreamed classroom since regular students outnumber special education students. By taking a closer look at the definition of mainstreaming as well as the positive and negative aspects associated with it, one can perhaps acquire better understanding and awareness of the issue.As this paper has demonstrated, there are both positive and negative viewpoints of mainstreaming, which in turn, cause large amounts of controversy. However, the most important issue, which must not be forgotten, is it is vital to help all students obtain the best education possible. References Lyness, D. (2001). http//www. kidsheath. org Pantazis, S. (2000). http//www. epinions. com Perry, N. , Winne, P. , Woolfolk, A. (2000). Educational Psychology. Scarborough Allyn and Bacon Canada.