“Necessity Is Something in the Mind, Not in Objects”

Hume believed that the common notion of cause and effect is wrong. This conviction on his part stemmed directly from the assumptions he made earlier on when creating his philosophical system. He divided human perception into two: â€Å"impressions† were supposed to be instant, strong feelings or perceptions, whereas â€Å"ideas† are those that have already faded away, leaving us with only a partial knowledge of what we felt.Ideas have their source in impressions; therefore if there exists a rational idea of necessity, it has to come from an earlier impression. Yet no impression coming from our external environment can give us any idea about necessity. Nor can we find it in ourselves, because even if we see our body move a hand, how can we be sure it is us who moves it? As it inevitably turns out, according to Hume, because we have no experience of necessity, it is our mind that creates these connections we are so sure about.It is our habit to look for cause and effect, because that’s the way to easily explain how world functions to ourselves. We are assuming that certain causes will create equal effects as in the past not because we can prove it, but because it has been this way before. A good example of this is how we expect the Sun to rise every morning – using the mathematical method of induction we assume that what has been true in the past, will be true in the future as well.Of course, something might stop the Sun from rising in the morning, so the right thing would be to say that it is highly probable that it will rise, but there is no certainty. We skip all of this, because it’s more convenient, and it lies in human nature to take advantage of it. Of course, Hume does not say, that causality/necessity doesn’t in fact exist, he only points to the fact that we are unable to derive its existence from hard facts and are instead using a very defective method of reasoning.

Promotion Mix Essay

1. Introduction Promotion is the marketing term used to describe all marketing communications activities. Integration of all the elements of promotion mix is necessary to meet the information requirements of all target customers. This simply means that the promotion mix is not designed to satisfy only the prospective buyer or only the regular buyer. Some elements of the mix may be aimed at the target customer who is unaware of the product, while others may be aimed at potential customers who are fully aware of the product and are likely to purchase it. All the elements of the mix played their roles in bringing about the sale. The elements of the promotion mix must be coordinated and integrated so that they reinforce and complement each other to create a blend that helps in achieving the promotional objectives of the organization. 1.2 Elements of promotional mix Personal Selling Sales Promotion Public Relation †¢ Trade Fairs and Exhibitions Advertising Sponsorship Online Promotions 1.3 Factors influencing promotion mix †¢ The funds available for the activity Irrespective of what the right proportions of a promotion exercise are, it is the funds available that are really crucial in determining the final  promotional mix. It is only a business with the requisite financial resources that can begin and see a promotional effort through. †¢ The nature of the market The first market factor is the position of a product in its life cycle. The creation of primary demand, hitherto nonexistent, is the primary task during the introductory stage; therefore, a high level of promotion effort is needed to explain a new product to potential customers. †¢ The nature of the product In determining the promotional mix the nature of the product being offered must be assessed given that creating awareness say for a consumer product is quite a different kettle of fish compared to what’s required for an industrial product. †¢ The product’s lifecycle stage Determining the promotional mix accurately also calls for an assessment of the four lifecycles that a product goes through. At introduction a product must be presented to the customers and thus creating awareness is the biggest concern. Personal selling and public relations are very applicable. At the growth stage there is already some awareness so advertising is applicable in strengthening the brand name. At maturity advertising remains applicable in fending off the competition. Finally, during sales decline a business will want to substantially cut down on promotional efforts. 1.4 Basic objectives of promotion †¢ To present information to consumers as well as others. †¢ To increase demand. †¢ To differentiate a product 1.5 Role of Promotion †¢ To communicate with individuals, groups or organizations directly or indirectly. †¢ Facilitate exchanges by informing and persuading one or more audiences  to accept an organization’s products. †¢ Communicate with their customers. †¢ Design communication to your specific target audience. 1.6 Scope of the study The present study is an attempt to analyze the existing promotional mix and its effectiveness in organizational growth and development. 1.7 Objective of the study âž ¢ To identify the promotion tools used in Elite super market âž ¢ To measure the influence of promotion mix âž ¢ To asses the responses of the consumers towards the promotional strategies âž ¢ To suggest measures for promoting sales âž ¢ To identify the consumer preference âž ¢ To help in developing promotional plans of the company 1.8 Research methodology 1.8.1 Sources of data Primary data: It was collected through consumer survey and personal interview. The sample size was 50 customers. Secondary data It was collected through books, journals, organizational manuals, magazines, documents and internet. Analytical tools †¢ Tables †¢ Charts †¢ Graphs 1.9 Limitations of the study âž ¢ There can be reporting bias on the part of respondents âž ¢ The sample selection is restricted to 50 consumers due to time constraints âž ¢ Financial constraints effect the reliability of the study âž ¢ Being a student work, the project also helds the inherent limitations of lack of expertise âž ¢ The study is restricted to elite super market and findings cannot be generalized Scheme of the Study The findings of the study are chapterized into 7 chapters. The first chapter consists of the introduction regarding the topic, scope, objectives, research methodology and limitations of the study. The second chapter includes the review of literature. Third chapter consists of the industry profile. The fourth chapter is the company or organizational profile. Fifth  chapter is presentation and analysis of data. The sixth chapter consists of the findings and interpretation and the last chapter is the conclusion. In addition to this, bibliography is annexed. The appendix portion covers the secondary data formats, structured interview schedule, etc.

Different Aspects of Personality Essay

1) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Visual impact is the first impression that you make on others. Factors which help are cleanliness, proper clothing, smartness and cheerfulness. Try to be at your visual best always. 2) COMMUNICATION SKILLS Communication skills play a very important role in your personality rating. Communication Skills comprises of speaking ability, comprehension, voice culture as well as writing skills . Also , if you are a good conversationalist as well as a good listener and genuinely interested in other people, you can win many friends and make a good impression on others. 3) KNOWLEDGE A wide and prospective knowledge in addition to depth in your own field of study greatly helps in the building up of your personality. This needs wide reading and assimilation ,observation and inquisitiveness to learn and also interaction with learned experienced people. 4) SKILLS- (PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL) Development o pertinent skills needed for your professional work and personal life greatly enhances your personality. Some of the important ones are leadership skills, organizations skills, practical skills in your field, human management skills, entertainment skills including some basic skills like first-aid, cooking, driving etc. 5) SELF-CONFIDENCE It is the confidence in one’s own abilities which helps in taking up responsibilities and initiative things. Self-confidence can greatly perk up your image and help you in giving a dynamic personality. Courage, logical analysis and successful experiences greatly help in boosting up your self-confidence. 6) PERSONAL QUALITIES To a great extent, it is the personal qualities which constitute and give shape to your personality. Some of the important qualities which help towards a good personality build-up are the following: character and morality; etiquette and manners; discipline; work ethics; time management; friendliness and love: humor; optimism and cheerful attitude: helpful nature: humidity; maturity and emotional stability. 7) HEALTH Good and robust health is an essential and necessary quality for a good personality. Without good health you become ineffective even if you possess all other qualities and achievements. 8 ) ACTIVITIES AND INTERSTS An active interest in a wide variety of things like sports, cultural activities, social activities, as well as interest in some hobbies go a long way in giving an all round personality to an individual. 9)ACHIEVEMENTS AND SUCCESS Finally, achievements and success are factors which enhances your personality and image. They in turn bring popularity and more opportunities. They are great motivating factors which will give a boost to your personality.

Australian Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Australian Criminal Law - Essay Example Whilst the law of homicide has evolved over time the incidence of homicide has remained relatively stable. The rate of homicide in Australia fluctuated from as low as 0.84 in 1941 to as high as 2.39 in 1988. Similarly, homicide in Australia between 1989/90 and 1998/99 revealed that over the last ten years the circumstances and characteristics of homicide in Australia have remained relatively unchanged. According to the latest figures derived from the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP), there were 337 victims of homicide in 1999/2000, which are about two people for every 100,000 Australian residents (Mouzos 2001). In comparison to homicide in the United States, the rate is comparatively lower. In the United States about 6 for every 100,000 Americans are killed (US Department of Justice 2000) Homicide has many forms. Murder for gain, sexual and physical violence and abuse of women, and revenge are among the two most common reasons for homicide. While homicide has continued over the ages, the purpose of finding the reason has not changed much in comparison to the methods used to trace the cause. Like in all investigations, the investigators have to gather and analyse whatever information and clue they get before zeroing on the suspect. No person is guilty until proved so, and to bring the criminal to justice, the law must ascertain from reliable sources information, intelligence, leads, tips, and witness statements to build a positive case. This is however, a long process, as analysis of such large amounts of information using traditional research methods can take quite a long time, and using antiquated analysis methods has been said to impair or slow down an investigation. Access to information, and clues; be it positive or negative, can have an impact on the investigation, leading sometimes to the delayed arrest of the perpetrator (Travis, 1996), or in extreme cases, the arrest of an innocent person (Jenny Mouzos, p.2-5, 2001). Sexual and physical violence and abuse has remained a bane on society. Women find themselves fighting a losing battle, and against all odds, as they stand and try to fend for themselves against a pack of wolves. There have been thousands of cases that have gone unreported, and a couple of thousands more that remain unsolved. Most of the cases that remain unsolved are because of the non-cooperation of the victims to help the investigators in their duty. Social factors and fright are attributed to reasons for such misendeavour. So, does the criminal law need reform in order to protect women from sexual and physical violence and abuse 2.0 Report Many women in prisons experienced disadvantages such as poor education and literacy, very limited employment skills, inadequate housing, and

Individual Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Individual Reflection - Essay Example We chose group consultancy model and with prior difficulties experienced with international students, it looked such a daunting task. Having had created a clear decision on this issue, I had decided that issues to do with group dynamics would be handled with a high sense of caution. We however got a group that would work very well for me. Using Tuckman’s stages of developing a group, the activities of the group seemed to go along well from the time of the group coming together to the level of initiating all the projects (Belbin, 1993, p 33). Our group consisted of five students. Some ties were strong while others were not but for the sake of the group work, we got along. There was a preliminary discussion that put together all our strengths and weaknesses as well as the experiences that we all went through in year 2. The ‘forming' part of the theory did not therefore take time to establish because I found out everybody was flexible enough as stated by Cassidy (2007) The ‘storming’ part of the theory was also done quickly because after a suggestion on the Burngreave Messenger newspaper group. There was a quick move from ‘forming’ to ‘norming’ as after the storming stage; a meeting was organized (Furnham, Steele & Pendleton, 1993). The tasks were broken down into two; primary and secondary research tasks. The final part in Tuckman, which is about performing was more useful. All the group members were aware of their tasks and the expected deadlines. We were of trust to each other and believed in our ability to perform with the best level of flexibility. Arguments against Tuckman’s theory use arose and this was just a proof of Belbin (1993) would argue that in a group that had so many roles, just taking primary and secondary sectioning was wasting of human resources(Guardian, 2012, p. 03). That was however expected. Belbin insists of norming and forming extremely rapidly for a better result. The project was done based on the two methods we had decided on where three of us carried out a primary research about the Burngreave Messenger to ascertain its strength among the residents of this Sheffield region. This was done through primary research by use of a questionnaire. The issues of social media came up as well as trying to establish the effects of the social media on the Burngreave Messenger newspaper. This was done through both primary and secondary researc

Persuasive Speech for the Adoption of Organic Food into the Lunch Essay

Persuasive Speech for the Adoption of Organic Food into the Lunch Program of the School - Essay Example Serving organic and natural food during our lunch can already make a huge difference in the betterment of our health and environment. My name is _________(your name over the line) and I am just a concerned student with a good idea about our health and environment who also genuinely cares for my fellow students and my school. II. Body We may not know it, but if we are not particular about the kind and quality of the food that is served to us in the school cafeteria, they may actually be serving us Frankenstein foods or genetically altered foods. This is not to blame the canteen administrators because many of the foods sold at our groceries are in fact genetically modified and it is very difficult to figure out whether they are organic or not (Kenner, 2008). (Tell’em part) Genetically modified foods are already prevalent. They are a product of the factorization of our food industry that seeks to produce food in scale, albeit of lower quality than those that are naturally grown b y our farmers. Genetically modified foods are also peppered with chemicals so do not be surprised if you still do not feel nourished after a plentiful meal because most of the food you ate was not really food but were mostly composed of chemicals (harm). (harm, significance and cause) This is not to say that natural foods are already gone and totally replaced by genetically modified foods. ... Kenner did not even mince with words in the introduction of his documentary film that GMO’s are in fact, just presents a notion of a food because by itself, GMOs are not entirely a food considering the artificial inputs that was incorporated during the process of its production. Note that I used the term â€Å"production† and not â€Å"growing† just like what is done in the farms because the industrialization of food can be likened more to a factory than to a farm that â€Å"produces† food rather than â€Å"grow† them. GMO is ever present in the current servings of our cafeteria through its fast food servings. I understand that my fellow students love fast foods because of its taste and convenience. I do not like to contradict only that fast foods are not healthy both to our body and environment. Experts agree, as reported by Rosencheck that the consumption of fast foods which are served big which have high glycemic loads contribute to the rising ra te of obesity in the USA (2008). This was supported by the study of Currie whose study findings suggest that the increase in the supply of fast food restaurants have a significant effect on obesity (2010). The negative health consequences of the rising obesity rates already are evident. Rates of diabetes (most of which is type 2, which is largely due to obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity) rose 50% between 1990 and 2000 (Mokdad et al, 2001). Environment wise, the same fast foods that we like to eat are not also healthy. We may not know it but we also eat oil when we consume industrial food. Overall, the production of the raw materials of the fast food industry guzzles up petroleum fuel of about 40,000 gallons per year. This

Tuberculosis in HIV infected patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tuberculosis in HIV infected patients - Essay Example This paper shall discuss tuberculosis among HIV patients, including its management, and expected patient outcomes. Discussion According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, TB is the leading cause of death among HIV patients with almost one in four deaths attributed to tuberculosis. Statistics also indicate that about 20% of patients with TB and HIV have died in 2007; and individuals with HIV and TB account for 32% of patients having died during TB treatment (CDC). These figures indicate the impact of the TB on the HIV patient, how it exacerbates the patient’s condition and even places him at a significant and mortal risk. There are significant challenges which health professionals face with the treatment of TB among HIV patients. It is also important to note that multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) can manifest among HIV patients. This is unfortunate because these patients would often manifest resistance to two of the best anti-TB drugs – isonia zid and rifampicin (CDC). This type of TB is very difficult to treat and is sometimes a death sentence for HIV patients. Experts suggest that in order to control the occurrence of MDR-TB, the treatment has to be improved not just in the US, but all over the world. The most effective treatment for TB is still the DOTS treatment or the directly-observed therapy; and in order to improve the treatment of MDR-TB, the application of the DOTS must be expanded (CDC). The treatment of TB among HIV patients is more or less similar to the treatment of adult TB patients without HIV. However, managing this disease among HIV patients is complicated; moreover, these patients must also seek care from health professionals with expertise in managing HIV patients with TB (CDC). Since HIV patients are usually already taking in numerous medications, it is important for health experts to note which drugs would have negative interactions with each other, so as not to further exacerbate the patient’ s condition. These experts are also focusing their health programs towards preventing the spread of this disease among the non-HIV population, and more particularly among the HIV population (CDC). Various methods for the management of TB among HIV patients have been suggested. In a paper by Madhi, et.al., (p. 21) the authors sought to evaluate the use of isoniazid prophylaxis against TB among HIV infected children and uninfected children exposed to HIV during the their prenatal period. The authors considered about 540 HIV infected and 804 uninfected infants, assigning them to the isoniazid or the placebo group for 96 weeks. The respondents were assessed on tuberculosis disease, death among HIV-infected children and latent TB infection (Madhi, et.al., p. 21). The study established that the use of primary isoniazid prophylaxis among HIV-infected children and uninfected children did not improve their TB-disease free survival. In effect, even with the application of antiretroviral thera py, TB among HIV infected children remained high (Madhi, et.al., p. 21). There is a need to review the available treatment methods for these children, in order to establish appropriate preventative measures on the occurrence of TB. Martinson’s paper below provides an alternative to the isoniazid treatment. Martinson (p. 11) sought to evaluate the use of three new regimens for latent TB which may be more effective than the standard isoniazid treatment. The authors assigned respondents with HIV and TB and who were not

CARRIAGES OF GOODS BY SEA. (LAW DEGREE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CARRIAGES OF GOODS BY SEA. (LAW DEGREE) - Essay Example ered to and received by the ship, and therefore excellent evidence of those terms, but it is not a contract.†1 Rather the contract of carriage will be determined by the written agreement of the parties, the booking note the payment of foreign tariffs and normal practices of the carrier of the goods. Therefore, O’s contract with Cherie is the actual contract of carriage between the parties, spelling out the terms and nature of the delivery which is to take place. Since this includes a specific provision that O is not to deviate in any form whatever from the terms of the contract, it is likely that this provision will carry some weight. However, a contract for transportation of goods by sea will be primarily determined by the terms on the bill of lading. The Hague Visby rules provide a uniform standard that applies to most of the world’s shipping nations and has been in force since June 2, 1931. As per Article 1(b) of the Hague Visby rules, the term contract of carriage will only be applicable to those contracts dealing with the transportation of goods by sea, which are covered by a bill of lading which regulates the relations between a carrier and a party holding the bill of lading.2 In this context, it is therefore important to note that in Cherie’s case, the bill of lading, which is the best evidence of the contract and also the instrument that will be actionable in the Courts, does not contain the specific provision that O is not to deviate from the contractual terms. As a result, it is likely that when the dispute comes to the Courts, the focus of the Court will be in determining the causation li nk, and finding out whether any damages are due and which party is the primary causal factor for those damages. Every contract of carriage will be governed by the Hague Visby rules, even if it is not specifically stipulated in the contract between the parties, as per the principle spelt out in the case of Shackman v Cunard White Star Ltd.3 In the case of Vita

Emerging Technologies in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emerging Technologies in Accounting - Essay Example For the order to be recorded for the delivery date requested, the valid product ids and quantities will need to be entered after the event. If the delivery date requested also needs to be checked for feasibility, the database must have information on the 1) Stocks available for the products ordered; 2) List of all orders scheduled between now and the requested date for the products; 3) Balance capacity available for fulfilling this order. No obligations would be recorded in the Accounting books at this stage. However, the Company accepts the obligation to supply the products by the delivery date; and the customer accepts the obligation to receive and pay for the goods as per the order’s terms. Event b: When the system schedules the production of goods the information needed from the database are 1) Free stocks available for each product ordered; 2) Bill of materials required for the products ordered; 3) Stocks of raw materials available; 4) Production operations to be performed and the time required for each operation; 5) Machinery, Equipment, and Labor required for the operations and their availability Event c: For the system to schedule raw material orders from the vendors, the information needed in the database are 1) Raw material requirements for the goods, based on Bill of Materials; 2) Preferred vendors for the raw materials; 3) Vendor rates; 4) Lead time for supply of the raw materials. Event d: For the raw materials to be received and stored, the database should have information relating to 1) The order placed with the vendors, i.e., Vendor Id, Order No, Order date, Desires Delivery date, Raw material id, quantity, price, Delivery terms, and Payment terms; 2) Goods acceptance details based on inspection of the raw materials supplied.

Should Animals be Used in Medical Research Paper

Should Animals be Used in Medical - Research Paper Example When preliminary tests on animals provide promising results, only then these studies are conducted on human beings. Therefore, the use of animals in medical research has been extremely useful in understanding the human body and the changes in functions when dealing with a disease. Hence, animals provide a good testing ground to conduct medical research and should continue to be used within the limits of the code of ethics. This paper will examine the historical background concerning the use of animals in medical research and closely examine the different perspectives pertaining to it. It will also elaborate my arguments supporting the use of animals in medical research and why I feel it is especially critical to do so in this day and age. Relevant History and Background The use of animals in medical and behavioral studies can be traced back to ancient Greek writings which record that Aristotle, the Greek philosopher conducted experiments on live animals. In fact, Aristotle argued tha t, â€Å"animals, having sense perception but lacking reason, fall below humans in a natural hierarchy and are therefore appropriate resources for human purposes† (DeGrazia 3). ... Traditionally, the moral status of animals has been shaped by religion and philosophy. The Bible mentions that God created human beings in His own image and gave him authority over all that was created – including animals. According to DeGrazia, the Bible reinforces the Aristotelian view of animals of using them for human purposes (3). Christian philosophers like Augustine and Thomas Aquinas also emphasized that since animals cannot reason, they are subordinate to human beings (DeGrazia 3). However Hinduism and Islamic beliefs consider animals to have some degree of rationality and at times consider them on par with human beings (DeGrazia 3). Current medical research practices ensure only the least number of the most appropriate animal is used. Again, the U.S. federal law requires all animals to be treated humanely and that they should experience the least amount of pain and distress when used in medical research. For as long as animals have been used for medical research, the re have been people and groups fighting for animal rights through writings and peaceful protests. However, as the experimentation on animals increased over the years, so did the controversy and criticism concerning it, especially with respect to the practice of vivisection – a process which involves conducting surgery on living organisms, usually animals, for physiological or pathological investigations (DeGrazia). Overview of Different Positions on This Issue Broadly there are two opposing positions concerning the issue of the use of animals in medical research: In Favor of Animal Research: The major argument of people favoring animal research is that using animals for medical research is acceptable if the

Rewards Managemnet of Adidas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rewards Managemnet of Adidas - Essay Example Introduction Adidas is a manufacturer of sports apparel and is consists of a Reebok company. Adidas was founded by Adi Dassler’s Whose aim was to ensure that every athlete with the necessary equipment (Adidas Group, 2010). The company was started in 1920 when Adi Dassler’s made the first shoe for sporting activity. Adidas has realized tremendous growth and has expanded because of their products that are preferred because of their quality and design .Adidas produces products like watches, shirts, bags and other sports related clothes (Adidas Group, 2010). The company has its products distributed across the globe and their brand is one of the most preferred by sport fans and players. In terms of employees, the company has a total of 42541 according to 2010 results and about 14250 working in Adidas headquarters (Adidas Group, 2010). The largest number of employees are the retailers. The FIFA games are a major source of success to the company. During such admired and renown ed sports, the company realizes a high turnover in their products hence more profits. The different products of the company have also been very instrumental in the reduction in fluctuations in return. As a sportswear manufacturer, Adidas main customer segments are the sports fan and other teams that prefer their clothes and other playing instruments (Adidas Group, 2010). ... The organization workers remuneration should reflect their value to the company. Reward management is therefore concerned with formulating, implementing, and reviewing of the employee reward system to ensure that the employees efforts are recognized in the attainment of the organizations goals (Redfern, 2009). Employees reward system should motivate the employees in offering their services to the organization. It is therefore an indispensable segment of management that must be closely monitored by the organization in their effort to ensure organizations success (Geoff & Druker, 2005). Human resource academicians have therefore developed an interest in the study of reward systems and have developed theories to explain the need why organizations should develop effective reward systems. One such reason why employees should be rewarded is to motivate employees and involve them in the distribution of the returns of the organization (Blyton & Turnbull, 1992). Purpose of a Reward System Org anizations reward their employees in order to attract the right employees for the right jobs at the right time (Heneman, 2002). Reward system is also maintained for the purpose of retaining the employees of the organizations by recognizing their efforts and contribution in the work place. Finally, employees will also be rewarded for the purpose of motivating the employees in order for them to do their maximum in the attainment of organizational objectives (Grant, 1990). These three are the primary reasons as to why employers will reward their workers. According to Shields (2007) other reasons why employees are rewarded and that form the essential characteristics of a good reward system include: Need fulfillment i.e. the employees reward should be

Love and Soul Mate Essay Example for Free

Love and Soul Mate Essay Knowing that I would get to spend the rest of my life with my best friend is the best feeling EVER! Even after being married for years, my love still grows every day! I know I am with my soul mate and still can’t believe we have made it and have overcome so much in our life Knowing that I would get to spend the rest of my life with my best friend is the best feeling EVER! Even after being married for years, my love still grows every day! I know I am with my soul mate and still can’t believe we have made it and have overcome so much in our life njkj kj kj Knowing that I would get to spend the rest of my life with my best friend is the best feeling EVER! Even after being married for years, my love still grows every day! I know I am with my soul mate and still can’t believe we have made it and have overcome so much in our lifeKnowing that I would get to spend the rest of my life with my best friend is the best feeling EVER! Even after being married for years, my love still grows every day! I know I am with my soul mate and still can’t believe we have made it and have overcome so much in our lifeKnowing that I would get to spend the rest of my life with my best friend is the best feeling EVER! Even after being married for years, my love still grows every day! I know I am with my soul mate and still can’t believe we have made it and have overcome so much in our life Knowing that I would get to spend the rest of my life with my best friend is the best feeling EVER! Even after being married for years, my love still grows every day! I know I am with my soul mate and still can’t believe we have made it and have overcome so much in our life

Electronic Tools as Distribution Channels

Electronic Tools as Distribution Channels Introduction Internet has been recognized as an effective tools which not only provide opportunities for hospitalities organization to present their products and services, but also a platform of getting customer feedbacks and comments. The Internet Distribution System plays a significant role in hospitality distribution channel. The internet has enabled organizations to perform both distribution and marketing communication activities online (Bowie and Buttle, 2011). Hotel webpage allow their guests to reserve and pay online and build a good communication with customer, they can put information and pictures to make their customer know more about this hotel. This research paper based upon the investigation into the importance of using electronic tools as distribution channels which made a significant contribution to Chinas economy. Bowie and Buttle (2011) summaries that a good internet distribution channel help hoteliers to make a better understanding of the different roles that the distribution and marketing communication play in the market mix and it provide time and place utilities or benefits to customers. And how will the different distributional influences on the sales of 5-star hotel in China. The definition of Distribution channels Hayes and Miller (2011) indicated that distribution channel is a source of business customers or a vehicle used to communicate with a source of customers. Distribution channel management is the process by which RMs target customers by promotion room sales among their various selling alternatives and, as a result, optimize revenues. The concept of a distribution channel is relatively simple, but in practice can be extremely complicated, especially for large organizations. The role of distribution is to help customers find information about products and to make purchasing easy. (Bowie and Buttle, 2004) Distribution channel is a hotels circulatory system which provide a steady flow of customers. A well-managed distribution system can make the difference between a market-share leader and a company struggling for survival. In the global market, electronic distribution techniques, and the perishable hospitality products have increased the importance of distribution. (Philip, 2014) Hospitality principals, especially larger companies, need intermediaries to distribute their product either solely or combined with other travel products in a package. Intermediaries sell the principals products customers and are normally paid by the principals. (Bowie and Buttle, 2011) The Development of electronic and hospitality distribution The origins of electronic distribution stemmed from the airlines internal inventory systems developed in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1976 SABRE established the first GDS, followed by Amadeus, Galileo and later World span. Until the early 1990s, hotel electronic channels of distribution were as described as a cosy status quo between the CRS and the GDS. Each system Cooperated, rather than competed, with each other, participants operated a closer user group and relationships were effectively linear, with each participant playing a mutually beneficial role. (OConnor, 2004) Spurred by the internet, electronic hotel distribution is increasingly user intimate, screen oriented, and content rich. (Carroll and Siguaw. 2003) Consequently, by 2005 an estimated 1 in 5 hotel bookings will be made online, up from 1 in 12 in 2002.( Carroll and Siguaw. 2003 ) With the continuing geometric growth of individual access to the Internet the volume of reservation coming directly to hotel from individual will increase dramatically in the next few years.(Hsu and Powers, 2002).Major hotel companies with thousands of bedrooms to fill in hundreds of locations need to use a wide range of distribution channels to reach their targeted customers.( Bowie and Buttle, 2011) The Trends of Distribution channels Leading into a discussion of the current distribution landscape, it would be appropriate to start with the hottest areas of growth: search engines, social media and mobile. These three technologies are the most influential in terms of sheer visits or growth rate in consumer usage. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) Social media: The phenomenon that is growing very quickly in recent times is the social media, and particularly the social networks that deal with travel. With the appearance of the internet, new types of intermediaries have emerged and many systems have established mutual connections. (Buhalis and Law, 2008) Facebook which is the leading social site has 750 million members with 70% outside the United States, and site usage is staggering with 50% of users logging on in any given day, each with 130 friends on average and spending approximately 30 minutes per day on the site. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) Search engines: The players that have achieved the greatest impact in the online travel booking spaces are the search engines (Kracht and Wang, 2010) Google or Yahoo generate millions of travel-related bookings every day and there are millions of new potential search engines enter this market. For example. the world of travel-specific search has recently become a major battleground with Googles acquisition of airfare engine ITA Software followed by the launch of Googles Hotel Place Ads and Hotel Finder products in July 2011.(Green and Lomanno, 2012) Mobile and Mobile APPs: A discussion of distribution is not complete without a significant reference to the importance of mobile. It is likely the single technology category that will most affect every aspect of distribution and yet, it is still largely in development. Many hotels have launched basic mobile-friendly websites, and have had enormous numbers of consumers download apps that assist with travel booking. For example, a discussion of distribution is not complete without a significant reference to the importance of mobile. It is likely the single technology category that will most affect every aspect of distribution and yet, it is still largely in development. Many hotels have launched basic mobile-friendly websites, and have had enormous numbers of consumers download apps that assist with travel booking. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) Travel Reviews This is currently one of the fastest growing phenomena. Webs such as TripAdvisor or igougo.com (Buhalis and Law, 2008) are already very mature sites and have almost become an obligatory stop for online travel buyers. According to a recent survey by Forrester Research, 30% of online travel buyers read the online advice of other travellers. (Antoni et al, 2013) The power of consumer review sites as a popular form of social media is gaining influence in travel. From the December 2011 spinoff of TripAdvisor (previously an Expedia company), and the emergence of new consumer review-oriented travel sites, it seems that they may create a new type of distribution channel that may be one part each social, inspiration and booking referral site. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) Overview of Electronic Distribution Channels The structure of the travel and tourism industry is continually evolving. There are different structures in different countries depending on the historical development of tourism. Although the vast majority of tourism intermediaries are small, independent organizations, a few major international companies have emerged with dominant market position. From hospitality perspective, intermediaries can be categorized under the following broad headings (Bowie and Buttle, 2011) Traditional distribution channels in the hotel industry: Travel agents: Travel agents are retail business that provide information, advice and booking for individual and group travel in both business and leisure market. The concept of a travel agency is well established in the travel market. They act as an intermediary between customers and principals such as airlines, hotels, car rental companies, attractions, entertainment, event and sporting venues. (Bowie and Buttle, 2011) GDS Global Distribution System: The GDSs were the first electronic channel, predating Brand.com and the OTAs by several decades. Typically, these systems were used by the broadly defined category of travel agents to book airlines and hotel rooms for their clients. While generally not accessible to the broader public at large, they were a relatively easy way to connect a potential customer with a hotel room. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) CRS/Voice: A Call centre is a central location phone bank, also called a central reservation office (Laura, 2011). Bookings through this channel have accounted for a declining share of both total room reservations and the revenue associated with those bookings for several years now. That decline is evident at both the national level and for each of the chain scale categories. While there has been a decline, the volume is still significant and only slightly less than the brand.com channel contribution. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) Property Direct/Other: Groups/meetings, contract business, rooming lists, and walk-ins are all the types of business that fall into this channel category. With this in mind, and knowing it has such a mix of business types, it makes this category the most difficult for the property or brand to manage without parsing it into its component parts by business segment. Due to the large amount of business transacted locally, it is still likely to be several years before any other channel overtakes property direct/other as the most widely utilized booking channel. Emerging Distribution Channels Online Travel Agencies (OTAs): OTA is an acronym for online travel agents, who have the same function as traditional physical travel agents, but the service is conveyed via the Internet. Unlike traditional travel agents, OTA specializes in offering vacation-planning sources and booking resources. (Yu, 2012) Of all the distribution channels the OTA opaque model is probably both the least financially understood model as well as the one that creates the most controversy. It is least financially understood because of the nature of the arrangement with the hotels that keeps the properties from knowing what the guest actually paid for the room. So while the properties know what room rate they receive from the vendor, the differential paid by the consumer on the upside remains unknown to the hotel. Brand.com (A hotels website): On average about 16% of all hotel room bookings are being made through either the brand or property website referred to in this study as brand.com. This number grew slightly in 2010 and has been on an upward track since the widespread use of the Internet about a decade ago. (Green and Lomanno, 2012) More and more hotel brands build their own websites and provide booking service on their home pages, which enables customers to be driven from OTAs to their own websites. (Yu, 2012) Mobile Apps: A recent study by BIA/Kelsey concluded that by the end of 2013 local businesses will be receiving three times the number of phone calls as they do currently because of the increase in mobile marketing and smart phone searches. The trend is emerging (Michael, 2012). Over the last five years, mobile has become closely correlated to local. People are looking for a restaurant nearby, a hotel nearby. The Wyndham hotel group has dedicated numbers on its 13 mobile websites, with a dedicated number assigned to every brand. Finally, the increase in call-centre volume has been noticeable (Keith, 2012). Mobile phones will be a great source of business, though this may present issues on the logistical end. If such issues arise, hotels will need more staff to take calls and, the call centre will need to be developed extensively (Harvet, 2012). The implement of Distribution Channel Since the GDS is a Distribution provides two key utilities or benefits to customer. Distribution makes hospitality products and services available when and where customer want them; there are known as time and place utilities, respectively. Online and traditional intermediaries, for example, travel agents and tour operators, help customers to find and choose hospitality and travel products. (Bowie and Buttle, 2011) For several years travel has been the most popular products sold online. The Internet is the perfect medium for selling travel products as it brings together a vast network of suppliers and a widely dispersed customer pool into a centralized market place. (OConnor, 2004) The structure of the travel and tourism industry is continually evolving. In Europe, change drives include the deregulation of air travel and the growth of Internet technology, which can deliver economies of scale and cost savings to the large tourism organization. From an accommodation providers perspecti ve, effective Internet marketing is based upon an understanding of how search engines work, recognizing the importance of destination links, development accessible and easy-to-use websites, developing effective booking engines, and the transparency of pricing. Numerous survey confirm that internet users depend upon search engines and directories when looking for information on the internet Search engines such as Google and Alta Vista Provide an indexed guide to website. Directories or website, grouped into categories such as business, a website needs to ensure that the domain name, destination, text copy. Page titles, description tag and Meta tags are designed to ensure that search engines and directories find the web pages. Optimizing ensure that search engines and directories find the web page. Optimizing easy accessibility for Internet searchers is clearly important for the hospitality brand. (Bowie and Buttle, 2004) The management of distribution channel The hospitality industry varies from other industries significantly due to the perishable and intangible nature of the hospitality service/product. (Bastakis, Buhalis, Butler, 2004) As Bowie and Buttle (2004) said because of the high commission fee which can be 8 present and the norm is 10 present, with certain hotels playing up to 30 present commission on specific products available during the low season and the cost of GDS which can be assumed a $100 per night room rate, the total deductions can be as much as $26.55 (Middleton, 2000), which only leaves $73.45 for hotel (although this dose include an internal company charge of $9 for the hotel chains CRS), some hospitality companies wish to reduce or eliminate. Hospitality companies see the Internet as a means of reducing distribution costs and enabling direct communication with consumers and customers. There can be significant hardware, software and human resources costs attached to developing and operating a direct-to-customer di stribution strategy. From an accommodation providers perspective, effective Internet marketing is based upon an understanding of how search engines work, recognizing the importance of destination links, developing links, developing accessible and easy-to-use website, developing effective booking engines, and the transparency of pricing.( Bowie and Buttle,2004 ) However, hospitality organization will loss of control of a key element in the marketing mix, which can lead to an unhealthy dependence upon intermediaries and it can be closer to the end user, taking ownership of the customer away from the hospitality organization. Reference http://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062context=articles

First Movement From Brandenburg Concerto No 2 By J S Bach

First Movement From Brandenburg Concerto No 2 By J S Bach One of Bachs most celebrated compositions, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 was part of six compositions (known as the Brandenburg Concerti, collectively, though they were mostly musically unrelated) that Bach submitted in March 1721 to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg as a job application of sorts. Bach, in the wake of the death of his wife, was trying to leave his musical position with Prince Leopold of Anhalt-CÃ ¶then. However, the individual composition dates for the Brandenberg Concerti cannot be precisely determined. The only thing that can be said with certainty about their chronology is that they were all composed by March 1721, the date on Bachs autograph copy, (Boyd, 1993) including Concerto No. 2. (Ironically, Bach did not get the job.) This piece is identifiable as being in the style of a Concerto Grosso. Concerto grosso, literally translated as great concert, was a popular compositional/performance style from the Baroque period, which is localized between 1650 and 1750. Generally, a concerte grosso was distinguished by a small set of solo instruments (the concertino) that interacted in a musical duel of sorts with a larger group (the ripieno), one answering the other. The Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 is just such an example, with the trumpet playing the most commonly well-known concertino voice. Concerto No. 2 was written in the key of F major, and scored for the following instruments: trumpet (as alluded to above), flute or recorder (the original instrument used), oboe, and violin from whose ranks came the solo instruments; and the viola, cello, and continuo (most commonly a harpsichord), which together formed the ripieno. The piece is divided into three movements, as follows: 1. Allegro (without tempo indication) 2. Andante 3. Allegro assai We shall focus on the first movement. The trumpet part stands out most notably, as it is written to be performed in the difficult clarion style, in which the trumpeter plays in the very highest registers within the instruments capacity, using only the power of rapid lip movements and precisely controlled breathing to change the instruments pitch. In Bachs time, trumpets did not have valves as they do now. In most contemporary performances, a piccolo trumpet is used to perform the original trumpet part as the piccolo trumpet is tuned higher. Whatever the case, the trumpet part stands out starkly in the texture of the piece, with its aggressive and lively tones soaring over the sonic landscape within this piece as it mirrors the orchestra and flies off on its own fancies. This trumpet part is considered a worthy challenge for any advanced player who dares take it on. Interestingly, in the first movement, it is the uniquely high pitch of the trumpet part, as opposed to the part it is playing, which endows it with its tendency to stand out. The reason for this is that here in the first movement, Bach toys with the expectations of the genre and has written the concierto and ripieno instruments the same or similar parts during a portion of the movement, rendering them in some cases indistinguishable. Melodically speaking, there are basically two repeating themes, or ritornello, upon which each instrument, whether concierto or ripieno, bases its movements. Even when the solo instruments deviate as they should in the genre, they are still riffing, if you will, off the material forming the two-movement foundation. They move off the first theme in pairs, venturing forth into repeating and augmenting the second theme while complimenting the first theme. Both the concierto and ripieno parts contain a large number of notes within most measures, often clusters of sixteenth notes. The net effect is parts and instruments blending together both textually and tonally. Two instruments that might normally be easily discernable from one another instead may be perceived by the inexperienced listener as one unique and different one playing the same rapid-fire series of notes. This sonic clustering, combined with the fact that the particular combination of instruments Bach specified for this particular concerto, makes the piece stand out and accounts in part for its enduring popularity. As far as overall texture in the first movement is concerned, the piece is certainly marked by a busy set of contrapuntal elements. The texture can also be generally described as somewhat generally higher and thinner, if you will, or at least less full-sounding and spread out than some other pieces in the Brandenberg family or other music of the time period. There is a good deal of sonic transparency, or open sonic space, left by the frequent collective high pitching of the concierto instruments, which are clustered together by virtue of the repeating ritornello. The individual instruments popping off their sixteenth-note creates a very unique polyphonic texture, and where the instruments diverge, also creates a nice sense of momentum which is reinforced by the well-organized and (deceptively so) focused harmonic structure of the piece. The harmonic structure of the piece is mainly a showcase of very deliberate and calculated dynamic harmony, intended to use harmonic elements to ensure the piece propels itself consistently forward, both emotionally and structurally. Specifically, Bach employs strong chord progressions, I-IV-V-I progression in many instances, as opposed to, for example, merely oscillating purposelessly between chords, which would have resulted in a lack of direction in the piece. The underlying dynamic harmonics serve to satisfyingly push along the already organically fluid chord progressions Even though the texture of the music is contrapuntal, and the writing is in two parts, the dynamic harmony is nevertheless much in evidence. (Sutcliffe, 1999) This harmonic structure, along with the other standout elements, are a testament to the sharp planning evident in so much of Bachs work. In particular, this first movement in the piece is so sprightly, energetic, and almost manic in some instances that it is easy to forget that the entire Concerto is in fact a tightly written and plotted piece, that simultaneously allows a certain creativity in interpretation which can vary by performance. All in all, the first movement in Concerto No. 2 is not only a time-honored musical standout in its own right, both in structure and difficulty, but an intriguing reflection of the larger musical trends evident in the classical music of the time, and Bachs own life.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry :: essays research papers

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, Huck considers himself to be an ignorant fool, and an over all bad person that should be looked down upon. However, through out his story, without ever realizing it, Huck manages to live through many incredible advetures, and commit unselfish acts that would consider him to be a true hero. It could even be taken to the extent that Huck Finn lived a more down to earth version of Homer ¡Ã‚ ¯s Odyssey. After all, they are both stories of a reliable person going through the biggest adventures of their lives, while facing certain types of monsters, while using their cleverness in order to escape many obstacles. Tho only main difference in this is the fact that while Odysseus faced more mythical challenges, Huck braved through the challenges of his modern society, and the types of people in it. But even so, one could easily say that Huckleberry Finn made almost the exact same journey as Odysseus, with a slightly modern twist added to it. To start, both characters have reasonings behind their journeys as to why they start it. Odysseus began his sea bound adventure because of the fact that he was allowed his freedom from Calypso, who has been holding him captive in hopes of turning him into her husband. So Odysseus is allowed to set sail back to his homeland. Huck set out his adventure because he was attempting to escape from his drunken Pap, who was holding him captive in order to get money. Huck manages to escape on a raft, and set sail. At the end of Huck ¡Ã‚ ¯s adventure, he does in fact end up in what will be his home. The two scenario ¡Ã‚ ¯s are similar for many reasons. For example, both Huck and Odysseus are being held captive for one reason or another. Calypso wanting Odysseus for a husband is just like Pap wanting Huck for his money. To add on to this point, both of them manage to escape throught the use of a raft. The only difference there is the fact that Odysseus is setting sail through the seas, while Huck takes on his adventure through the Mississsippi River. Next in comparison between the two stories would be the use of monsters ¡Ã‚ ± used throught out the adventures. In The Odyssey, Odysseus is forced into fights and challenges that largely deal with monsters, such as the Cyclops, which is a giant, single red eyed beast with the body of a human.

Operation Strategy Of Toyota :: Business Analysis Strategy Toyota

Introduction Toyota is Japan's biggest car company and the second largest in the world after General Motors. It produces an estimated eight million vehicles per year, about a million fewer than the number produced by GM. The company dominates its home market, with about 40% of all new cars registered in 2004 being Toyotas. Toyota also has a large market share in both the United States and Europe. It has significant market shares in several fast-growing South East Asian countries. The - 1 -company produces a large range of vehicles which are highly regarded for their quality, engineering, and value; their designs set global standards for safety, reliability and ease of maintenance. The Company Philosophy "Do the right thing for the company, its employees, the customer and the society as a whole." Origins The story of Toyota Motor Corporation began in September 1933 when Toyoda Automatic Loom created a new division devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Soon thereafter, the division produced its first Type A Engine in 1934, which was used in the first Model A1 passenger car in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of the Model AA passenger car started in 1936. Although the Toyota Group is best known today for its cars, it is still in the textile business and still makes automatic looms (fully computerized, of course), and electric sewing machines which are available worldwide. During the Pacific War, the company was dedicated to truck production for the Imperial Army. Because of severe shortages in Japan, military trucks were kept as simple as possible. For example, the trucks had only one headlight in the center of the hood. Toyota earns $1250 per vehicle produced while GM loses $2311 per vehicle produced. Toyota is producing nearly 50 percent more cars than in 2001 and this year it will almost certainly pass General Motors to become the world's largest auto company. Toyota alone earned more than all the rest of the world's 12 largest auto manufacturers combined - $11.4 billion. And it is pioneering a new technology for the 21st century that will shrink gasoline consumption and limit greenhouse gases. FORTUNE GLOBAL 500 (Year 2005) Toyota Motor Rank: 7 (2004 Rank: 8) Employees: 265,753 $ millions % change from 2003 Revenues 172,616.3 12.7 Profits 10,898.2 5.9

How the Sun Affects the Weather

ASTR 1020 August 31, 2011 â€Å"How the Sun Affects the Weather† Our sun is a massive nuclear fusion reactor that generates astonishing amounts of energy. The sun is the largest body in our solar system. It has a gravitational pull causing all other objects in the solar system to orbit it. Since the sun is in the neighborhood of the earth this gives the results of a greater gravitational effect on earth. â€Å"Warmth for the planet is provided primarily by the sun’s energy. The rate of energy coming from the sun changes from day to day.At an average distance from the sun 93 million miles† (Ahrens 4). The energy from the sun affects many things here on earth. One of the main things the sun does is warm our planet, including the atmosphere. This energy drives our weather we see daily. Temperature fluctuation the sun generates can be associated to every weather phenomenon on earth and can be traced back to the sun. All planets have an atmosphere, a layer of gases th at surrounds them. The Sun's atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, while Earth's is made up primarily of nitrogen and oxygen.Carbon dioxide, ozone, and other gases are also present. These gases keep our planet warm and protect us from the direct effects of the Sun's radiation. Without this regulation, Earth could not sustain life. To understand the weather you need to understand the layers of the atmosphere. The layers of the atmosphere from the surface rising upward are troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. We live in the troposphere layer, this is where the air temperature normally decreases with height, and contains all of the weather we are familiar with.Most of the clouds you see in the sky are found in the troposphere, and this is the layer of the atmosphere we associate with weather. Extending up to 10 miles above Earth's surface, the troposphere contains a variety of gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others. These gase s help retain heat, a portion of which is then radiated back to warm the surface of Earth. In the stratosphere is where most of the gas ozone is found. The coldest layer in the atmosphere is the mesosphere and the warmest atmospheric layer is the thermosphere.Then we get to the region where atoms and molecules shoot off into space in the exosphere, which signify the upper limits of our atmosphere. A greenhouse gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation withing the thermal infrared range. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; within them, Earth's surface would be on average of about 33 degrees Celsius or 59 degrees Fahrenheit colder than present temperature.The earth being tilted at 23. 5 degrees on its axis and revolving around the sun makes the earth’s heat unevenly giving us different climate and weather. â€Å"The ti lt causes annual variation in the amount of sunlight that strikes the surface as well as variations in the length of time the sun shines at each latitude† (Ahrens 73). The sun heats up the equatorial regions more than the poles, so the earth has to develop circulations to distribute the heat. This keeps the equator from getting hotter and the poles from getting colder.This is the way the earth balances out its unequal distribution of heat. With the earth’s rotation this causes the wind pattern to form east -to-west. Weather as a whole comes down to the universal circulation of cold and hot air. The sun has the greatest impact on the lower stratosphere with the impact of ultraviolet light from the sun assist in changing temperature. â€Å"Lower to mid stratosphere is heated greatly due to the ozone layer†¦ ozone absorbing large quantities of dangerous solar energy†¦ he absorption causes the warmup from 20km to 50k. The middle and upper troposphere is indeed ve ry important for stability processes. The hotter the surface temps and the colder the mid and upper tropospheric temps†¦ the more instability†¦ and the stronger updrafts and stronger storms† (Haywood). Here are several examples: The sun warms up air, the area encompassing this warm air creating a warm front. Many weather developments will occur when a warm front meets up with a cold front.Ocean’s, lakes, and soil surfaces are warmed by the sun causing warm air to rise in the atmosphere. The warm air meets up with colder air causing it to condense and produce clouds that could create hail, snow, or rain. Sun warm up air over the sea near the equator and this warm air will rise creating a cloud. Cold air will then replace the warm air that has lifted and collides creating spiraling turbulence known as a hurricanes. Sun produces warm air then it abruptly turns cold; this creates pressure and uproar which whips up a tornado.Sun warms up the earth’s surface and this warm air will expand and rise, as it rises the air will then cool and descend. This up and down cycle of rising warm air and descending cool air will generate wind. There are many factors when it comes to weather but the main key to the weather equation is the heating from the sun for weather to occur. The sun plays a vital role in our daily lives and weather. Works Cited Ahrens, C. Donald. Meterology Today. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, 2009. 9th ed. Haywood, Lee. Meterologist with WSAV/Instructor ASSU.

Nature vs. Nurture Essay

ABSTRACT The subject of nature versus nurture is addressed. Both nature and nurture have strong effects on how humans learn and are able to learn. Observations of three children discuss how nature has caused conditions that hinder development as well as how human intervention has enabled these children to grow despite their conditions. Nature and nurture have negative aspects that may or may not be improved to foster development. Nature and nurture interact in human development. Keywords: Nature, nurture, Piaget, cochlear implant, epilepsy, Erikson, Gilligan, Vygotksy, Kohlberg, Outliers. NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature? Nurture? Both? Theorists have struggled for more than a century with which variable has the greater effect on human learning. When we refer to ‘nature’ in learning we are discussing the biological elements of human learning and intelligence, such as, chromosomes and DNA, the biology of the brain, and diseases, syndromes or conditions that the individual may be born with or develop in their lifespan (Society for Neuroscience, 2012) The theoretical framework of â€Å"Genetic Epistemology† of Jean Piaget was based on his ‘naturalistic’ research of children. Piaget was most concerned with how knowledge developed in children. His theory advocated 4 stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational stage, concrete operations, and formal operations, which he assigned to different age groups (Genetic Epistemology, n.d.) to explain when and how human cognitive development occurs. I have observed natural effects in several children in my life and have seen how nature has affected their learning. Mikaela and CJ are the children of our dear friends. It is theorized that Mikaela may either have lost her hearing shortly after birth or was born without hearing (Sorenson and Sievert, personal discussion and observation, 2004). CJ was born with hearing but has lost nearly all hearing in one ear and needs a hearing aid in the other ear (Sorenson and Sievert, personal discussion, 2006). When Mikaela was diagnosed around 2 years of age, she was fitted with cochlear implants (Sorenson, personal discussion, 2004). CJ was fitted with one cochlear implant around 5 years old (Sorenson, personal discussion 2008). Mikaela struggled to overcome the lack of aural stimulation and verbal acquisition. She will still sign now at age 13 when she wants to communicate quickly. Her speech is very monotonic even after speech therapy (Sievert, observation, May 2014). CJ learned to read very quickly and would amuse himself on early Saturday mornings with watching WWII history and reading the captions so as to not wake the family (Sorenson, personal communication, 2009). They adapted and created schemas to bridge the challenge. My grandson Micah was diagnosed with epilepsy in April 2013 at 13 months of age. The seizure activity and the use of medications affected his brain activity to nearly wipe out every developmental milestone (Sievert, observation and interaction, May 2013). MRI results showed areas of the brain had atrophied. His physical and occupational therapists have retrained his neural pathways and he is now a normal 27 month old (Sievert, observation and interaction, 2014). All of these children were able to overcome natural challenges with interventions. ADD/ADHD (WebMD.com, 2014) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (CDC.gov, 2014) are both natural in their origin and are being studied now to find interventions that enable these individuals to become empowered learners in classroom learning environments (Jensen, 2005). The term ‘nurture’ refers to the effects of interaction in the development of the individual and can range from human interaction with caregivers, peers, and society, to environment and technological devices (UCSB.edu, 2001). Vygotsky, Erikson, Kohlberg and Gilligan would be theorists who tend  to place more emphasis on how environment shapes the cognitive and moral development of the individual. Lev Vygotksy claimed that all learning was shaped by the interactions of the child with society and culture as well as how language developed (McLeod, 2007). Language acquisition was seen as very important in cognitive development, especially in developing private speech. Erikson saw cognitive development as a lifelong activity with 8 psychosocial stages, each having a crisis that called for resolution in the individual in relationship to the society (McLeod, 2008). Both Kohlberg and Gilligan based their moral reasoning models on how children learn in relationship to the society around them plus possible societal roles placed on boys or girls (Nucci, 2014). Nurture led to Mikaela, CJ, and Micah overcoming obstacles of nature with the assistance of other humans either creating new tools to overcome hearing loss (NIDCD, 2013) or have humans developing therapies that retrain the brain (Sheikh, 2012). Lack of nurture can include poor or inadequate food and shelter, lack of sensory stimulation, technology used as a ‘babysitter’, or a lack of interaction between parent and child (Harris, 1998). I have also observed too much nurture in my school. Parents may do this by constant monitoring of homework and grades, helping too much with work, overscheduling activities for students, intensive requests for special treatment, or by requesting more homework (Dawson, Clarke, Bredehoft, 2006). The story of Chris Langan in Outliers (2008) is a classic example of how a lack of nurture can set up a chain of failure for an incredibly intelligent man. It is clear that neither nature nor nurture is the decisive factor in human cognition or moral development. We know more than ever about how the brain functions and how the brain must be well treated to make the most of what is available (Jensen, 2005). Physical and mental conditions can determine just how much growth potential is in a human being. New therapies and technologies are constantly in development, trial, and implementation. Proper nurture in a societal and cultural environment has proven necessary for every individual. Nature and nurture need to be skillfully blended to ensure every child is empowered to attain their full potential (Jensen, 2005). REFERENCES: Society for Neuroscience. (2012). Brain facts: A primer on the brain and nervous system. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from BrainFacts.org: http://cup.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/courses/20144043208/resources/week1/w1%20brain_facts_2012.pdf Genetic epistemology (Jean Piaget). (n.d.). Retrieved on May 29, 2014 from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/genetic-epistemology.html. WebMD.com. (2014). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Causes of ADHD. Retrieved on June 14, 2014 from http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/guide/adhd-causes. Jensen, E. (2005). Teaching with the brain in mind. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. UCSB.edu. (2001). Nature and nurture. Retrieved on June 14, 2014 from http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/baldwin/classes/soc142/n&n.html McLeod, S. A. (2007). Lev vygotsky. Retrieved on June 2, 2014 from http://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Erik erikson. Retrieved on May 29, 2014 from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html. Nucci, L. (2014). Moral development and education: An overview. Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http://www.moraledk12.org/#!combined-theories/c3q9. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2013). Cochlear implants. Retrieved on June 14, 2014 from https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx Sheikh, S. (2012). Epilepsy: Definition, prevention and the role of occupational therapy. Retrieved on June 14, 2014 from http://www.slideshare.net/betrayer1990/occupational-therapy-for-epilepsy-an-overview Harris, J.R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. Retrieved on June 14, 2014 from http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/harris-nurture.html. Dawson, C. and Clarke, J. and Bredehoft, D. (2006). Overnurturing: Too much of a good thing (When helping stops being helpful). Retrieved from http://www.educarer.com/oi-nurturing.htm Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. New York, NY: Back Bay Books.

Review of Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications

REVIEW ON MOBILE PRESENCE SERVICES IN SOCIAL NETWORK APPLICATIONS Abstraction—Today broad scopes of nomadic devices are available. As the use and engineering of nomadic devices additions, societal web applications are going popular. An indispensable constituent of this societal web application is nomadic presence service, which maintains each nomadic user’s presence information. The presence information means the current position, GPS location of nomadic user and besides updates the user’s online friend’s information. As the update occur often, figure of message distributed by presence waiter may take to scalability job.To specify this job, scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined.In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .A weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users. This paper makes a reapprais al on work outing buddy list hunt job.The consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation addition in the hunt cost without compromising hunt satisfaction. Keywords—social web ; nomadic presence service ; presence information ;I. IntroductionMobile computer science is human-computer by which a computing machine is expected to be transported during normal use. This involved nomadic communicating, hardware etc. Chiefly nomadic calculating describes about communicating among client to server, client to other terminal user, waiter to server etc. Today as the engineering and use of cyberspace additions, societal web application/services ( illustrations are Facebook [ 1 ] , Twitter [ 2 ] , buddycloud [ 3 ] , Google latitude [ 4 ] , foursquare [ 5 ] ) go popular in worldwide. Many communications like confab, online concern, informations sharing etc can be done utilizing societal web application/services. Hence, it is inevitable that societal web services will be the following coevals of nomadic cyberspace application. Mobile presence service is one of the of import component in societal web application. Mobile presence service means maintain up-to day of the month presence information of all nomadic user. Presence information includes location, position, activity etc about the nomadic users. Each nomadic user has a list of friend’s list which we can name as buddy list. On the other manus, we can state that buddy list contains the contact information of the user he/she needs to pass on. Each nomadic user in the societal w eb application gets information about their on-line friends/buddies via the presence information. The nomadic user’s position is broadcast automatically to the buddy list whenever the user moves from one position to another. So presentment is an of import portion in societal web application. Most presence services use server bunch engineering, to maximise hunt velocity and minimise the presentment clip. The waiter involved in this communicating, keeps up-to day of the month path of all these presence information sing the nomadic user. There are so many issues in nomadic computer science. Some are deficient bandwidth, require careful usage of practical private web, cell phone signals may do wellness jobs, signal jobs during going, more power ingestion during less signal strength etc. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .Here a weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Hence presentment clip can be cut downing. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users. Instantaneous message provides communicating ( online confab ) between two or more users over cyberspace. Microsoft courier, yahoo courier are some of the illustrations for the instant message. Overview of the available characteristics, maps, architecture, protocols used in these popular populace IM web are described. Besides discuss advantages and disadvantages of these IM webs. In societal web application an efficient and scalable server-to-server sheathing architecture called PresenceCloud is used to better the efficiency of nomadic presence services for large-scale societal web. A quorum-based server-to-server architecture is used for efficient buddy list seeking. The comparing consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation additions without giving hunt satisfaction. Search satisfaction is defined as the clip it takes to seek for the geting user’s buddy list.II. Different engineeringsThis subdivision describes assorted method or engineerings used in different systems. Here, foremost describes about different characteristics and maps supported by three most popular IM systems: AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo! Messenger. Second describes, in cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. Third describes about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. Finally, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. In [ 6 ] describes different maps and characteristics of three IM systems such as AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger. Instant messaging can be specify a public confab etc. In extra some provide file transportation, webcam use, voice confabs session etc. Here the writer comparing three IM systems ( AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger ) .All of these IM systems uses client-server architecture. Supporting immense figure of user is an of import issue in these IM systems. Two methods are available: 1 is symmetric and other is asymmetric. Each waiter performs indistinguishable maps in symmetric method and in asymmetric method each waiter execute peculiar activity assigned to it like log in, detecting other users, maintain chat room etc. For normal operation AIM uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer attack. Therefore two clients communicate straight without utilizing a confab room. For normal and voice confabs YMSG uses client-server architecture. Through centralised voice chat server YMSG voice traffic is routed. One advantage of utilizing this attack is that within the same confab room it can back up multiple users and each user can stipulate their ain voice specification. For normal operation MSN uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer approach.MSN voice chat session is limited to two individuals. Most of the IM systems have techniques for keeping list of friends. They are called buddy list, allow list and block list. Buddy list contain peoples that a user demand to pass on and supervise their presence. Block list contains peoples that a user demand to barricade communicating with them, it’s besides called black list. Allow li st contains people that a user needs to pass on. MSN, AIM and YMSG contains buddy list and block list.MSN and AIM besides contain allow list. Many web protocols like TCP and IP have used binary representation of informations in byte order. Application bed protocol ( HTTP and SMTP ) have used text-based attack. The advantage of utilizing bye order is that it supports efficient usage of infinite in the web. The advantage of text-based attack is that the representation is closer to human position information and debugging is easier.AIM and YMSG utilizations binary representation for their header.AIM contains two-level binary representation called FLAP and SNAC packages. Fixed length heading and variable length day of the month in FLAP packages. SNAC packages are subtype of FLAP packages that contains fixes length Fieldss followed by a variable information constituent. Fig.1.AIM FLAP and SNAC package format YMSG has individual degree construction for fixed Fieldss followed by variable length Fig.2.YMSG package format One of the of import job in IM suppliers are user send informations at inordinate rate, inundation caused in the web because of useless traffic.TCP provide some protection mechanism against this through congestion control.AIM has a complex algorithm for solve this, but it has different rate ( rates are based on a clip window ) bounds based on message type. The user will be warned, if the client exceeds the rate and if this continues, the waiter will get down dropping message and will unplug the client. YMSG has a bound of three IM per seconds. Another method to minimise the burden is by acquiring rid of idle clients. Each system in IM maintains a keep-alive pulse message: the connexion may be terminated if the client does non supply pulse message or response to the question. In AIM the client must direct this keep-alive message in every minute to the waiter. YMSG contains two types of pulse petition: a primary and a secondary.MSN has client and waiter pulse message. In [ 7 ] paper, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent scheme is used. In IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) , the presence waiter is responsible for advising an authorised spectator of the updated presence information. Presence service provides service to entree other user’s presence information such as the user position, activities and so on. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, a user with user equipment entree presence service in IMS. When the user provides information to the presence waiter, so user play the function as presentity and the user accesses other user’s information so it act as a spectator. In IMS, control signaling is carried out by call session control map ( CSCF ) .The presence service process is defined by 3rdcoevals partnership undertaking ( 3GPP ) The presence waiter instantly notifies other users in the contact, when the presence information of a user alterations. If the updates occur more often, so the figure of presentment messages increases. To cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. In delayed update, when the presence waiter receives the updated presence information, the presence waiter starts a delayed timer with a period T. This period is called delayed threshold. Within the period T, if the presence information is updated, so old information is replaced by the new information. When the timer expires, the presence waiter notifies the spectator of the presence information. Therefore, the presentments for the updates in T are saved. In [ 8 ] mentioned about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. A cardinal job that challenges peer-to-peer application is turn uping the node that store a peculiar information point. This paper presents a solution for this by showing chord. The chord provides one operation: given a key, it maps the cardinal onto a node.In peer-to-peer system, the application is distributed without any cardinal control, where the package running equivalent in functionality at each node. The corresponding node is responsible for hive awaying a value associated with the key. Chord uses hashing to delegate keys to allow chord nodes. Each chord node needs merely a few other nodes routing information. Because the routing tabular array is distributed to other nodes. If N-node presented in a system, so each node maintain information merely approximately O ( log N ) other nodes. The chord maintains its routing information as the nodes articulations and leaves a s ystem. In [ 9 ] paper, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. PresenceCloud solve the scalability job called buddy list hunt job. Buddy list hunt job can be defined as the scalability job occurs when presence service is overloaded with buddy hunt message. The PresenceCloud can be used to expeditiously question the system for buddy list hunt. In PresenceCloud design, it consists of three constituents: PresenceCloud waiter sheathing, one-hop caching scheme and directed buddy hunt. When the nomadic user get into the PresenceCloud, the user authenticate to the nomadic presence service. Then the nomadic user opens a TCP connexion to one of the presence waiter. The nomadic user sends a petition to the presence waiter for buddy list hunt. PresenceCloud returns the presence information of the brothers. PresenceCloud is based on grid-quorum system ( size is vn?vn. When a presence waiter joins into the PresenceCloud, it gets an Idaho in the grid and obtains its presence waiter list. Presence server node can take one column and one row of entries. This entry is called the presence waiter list. In the fig: 3, the figure of presence waiter n=9.The PresenceCloud is arranged in grid-quorum with v9?v9 size. The presence waiter node 8 has presence server list { 2,5,7,9 } and 3 has { 1,2,6,9 } . PresenceCloud uses a hoarding scheme to retroflex presence information of each user to better the efficiency of the searching operation. Each presence server node maintains presence information of the affiliated users. When the neighbour establishes a connexion to presence waiter, the cache is updated. When a presence waiter receives a query/request from the nomadic user, it can react non merely from the lucifers from its ain list, but besides provide lucifers from its caches. Fig:3 PresenceCloud Server Overlay The figure of presentment messages increases when the nomadic user often changes its presence information. This buddy list hunt job can be solved by utilizing an algorithm called directed buddy hunt algorithm. This algorithm uses bipartisan sheathing and one-hop caching scheme. This helps PresenceCloud to supply fleet responses for big figure of nomadic user. The algorithm is defined in [ 9 ] .III. ComparisonIn mesh based design, all the presence information at each node is replicated to other nodes. Hence its hunt cost is merely one message. In distributed hash tabular array ( chord based ) , no reproduction ; presence information of a user is merely stored in one presence waiter. Here, each brother must be searched one by one. In PresenceCloud, its hunts buddy list from ain node list and cache list. Besides notifies other users about the new presence information. Simulation consequence is mentioned in [ 9 ] .This paper shows graphical representation of their consequence. Findingss from that graphical representation are: ( I ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the figure of presence message is really low in PresenceCloud. Hence PresenceCloud outperforms all other design. ( two ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the mean seeking messages/user is low in PresenceCloud. That means PresenceCloud requires least message transmittal. ( three ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud additions bit by bit with the figure of presence waiter. ( four ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud is non impacted by the figure of brothers. When analysing hunt satisfaction in waiter architecture, the findings are ; ( I ) Buddy seeking latency grows with the figure of presence waiter in PresenceCloud. Here mesh-based design performs better. ( two ) When the figure of brothers additions, buddy hunt latency is really low in mesh-based design. but suffer to a great extent communicating cost.DecisionFrom the analysis and survey, it’s found that PresenceCloud achieves low hunt latency & A ; shows better public presentation than others. PresenceCloud solve brother list hunt job. Overall, PresenceCloud support a scalable nomadic presence service in big graduated table societal web services.Mentions[ 1 ] Facebook, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.facebook.com. [ 2 ] Twitter, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.twitter.com [ 3 ] Buddycloud, hypertext transfer protocol: //buddycloud.com [ 4 ] Google latitude, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com/imtl/enus/latitude/intro.html [ 5 ] Foursquare, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.foursquare.com [ 6 ] R. B. Jennings, E. M. Nahum, D. P. Olshefski, D. Saha, Z.-Y. Shae, and C. Waters, †A survey of cyberspace blink of an eye messaging and confab protocol, † IEEE Network, 2006. . [ 7 ] W.-E. Chen, Y.-B. Lin and R.-H. Liou, †A weakly consistent strategy for ims presence service, †IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communicationss, 2009. [ 8 ] I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, M. F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, †Chord: A scalable peer-to-peer search service for cyberspace, †IEEE/ACM Tran. on Networking, 2003. [ 9 ] Chi-Jen Wu, Jan-Ming Ho â€Å"A Scalable Server Architecture for Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications, † IEEE minutess on nomadic computer science, 2013

Impact of rechargeable cars on the Environment Essay

In this essay, I will discuss about the rechargeable batteries used in the rechargeable automobile and the impacts of these batteries to the pollution of the urban environment. Scientists are moving fast to give new inventions to the world and rechargeable automobile batteries are the latest topic of the automobile world. Due to excessive gasoline consumption, the scientists are working on electric cars and on the rechargeable batteries. The gasoline consumption creates pollution and it is proved by researches that the consumption should be decreased to save the environment. Now the question is that is the rechargeable battery save the environment from the pollution? The answer of the question is discussed below: The impact of the rechargeable batteries depends on the source of electricity. Most of the people think that the rechargeable or the hybrid cars (in other words electric cars) are environment friendly because they think that it is using refined and environment friendly energy but research professors show another side of the rechargeable batteries. According to them, the pollution depends upon the source of electricity. They say that most of the countries generate their electricity from fossil fuels, oil and gasoline. If a country or state is generating their electricity from the fossil fuels or gasoline, then the impact of the batteries will be worst because every time when they will need to recharge the battery, they need electricity and in that sense, the consumption of the electricity will increase and the environment will be polluted (Laura Williams). The Ohio university research shows that the hybrid cars and the use of the rechargeable batteries affect the environment. The reason is that the material which is used in the batteries is more harmful than the conventional batteries. The batteries are to be recharged after 350 miles and after every 350 miles, the electricity is needed for recharging. So the source of the electricity concerns a lot (Ohio University). Ozone layer is a very important topic of environment. The batteries damage ozone layer which creates bundle of problems and harms. The radioactive rays actually damage the ozone layer which is really harmful and creates many diseases. So every time when a battery is recharged, it will exhaust the rays which are really harmful. Moreover, recycling of the battery should be proper and if it is not proper, then the environment will have to suffer (Baig, Naqvi, Qureshi). It is true that temporarily rechargeable batteries are seems to be more beneficial than the other sources but the study shows that we are paying a lot in the sense of environment pollution. The impacts of the rechargeable batteries on the environment are everlasting and longterm (Conger, 2010). By the above discussion, it can be concluded that rechargeable batteries are facilitating the world but we can’t deny from this fact that they are harmful for the environment. In hybrid cars, rechargeable batteries are used so, consumption of diesel or fuel is less and the smoke arising from diesel or fuel does not exhaust the environment but it does not mean that it is not exhausting anything. So if we see its effects on temporary basis, then we will come to the conclusion that it is environment friendly but on the ground levels that its effects are worst (Clean up Australia).

Hypocrisy in to Kill a Mockingbird

Hypocrisy is a huge theme of Maycomb’s society and community spirit. For example, racism plays a huge role. In the Tom Robinson trial, he is accused of raping Bob Ewell’s daughter, Mayella. But the real story is that Bob Ewell is abusive to his daughter and accused tom Robinson because he’s black. Since the social community is mostly tipped on the scale of discrimination, there are excuses made for whites. This leads into another following example.In the minds of the â€Å"good Christians† blacks are made to be slaves and do everything a white man says. Atticus is completely against this and tells Bob off. In retaliation, Bob Ewell makes it certain Tom Robinson is guilty. In the end Tom is purposed guilty even though the evidence clearly shows he’s not. The Maycomb community thinks they’re doing what’s right for the town and titles themselves â€Å"The Good Christians. † A few people, like Atticus, know they are wrong and knows they only persecuted Tom Robinson by the color of his skin.Another example of hypocrisy referring to racism would be with Mrs. Gates. Mrs. Gates is completely against Hitler thinking what he did was absolutely horrible about what he did to the Jews. But then again in her own community people are persecuting blacks the same way. Another example similar to this is Mrs. Merriweather talks about saving the poor Mruans from Africa but thinks black people in her community are a disgrace. Scout and Jem throughout the book later discover the hypocrisy in the adult world.Some examples would be, Aunt Alexandria’s view on the Cunningham’s, Lula not wanting her kids to go into a black church etc: Jem noticed the hypocrisy in the Lula situation was Lula complaining about all white people being prejudice against them but in her hate for whites and their prejudice she is also being racist and prejudice. Scout and Jem then noticed someone being mad at a certain race for doing the exac t same thing they were doing.

Print Ad Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Print Ad Analysis - Essay Example It became obvious that the drink corresponds to the character of this director- bold, outrageous, and manly so he served as literal symbol of the beverage and its most typical consumer. It is well known that consumers tend to associate themselves with those whom they see in the advertisement. Tarantino is therefore a cult figure for numerous cinema fans because he crated the image of the perfect gangster in a suit, and such life seems attractive to many. All in all, whisky is often perceived as the beverage for real men because it contains a high percentage of alcohol. So basically one can get drunk very fast with whisky that is why only those who know how to drink it right usually choose this beverage. Whisky is often served with ice and is drunk slowly in a company of good friends. Dewar`s hints with this advertisement that the beverage is for those men who value style and quality and who can choose the best in any situation. Whisky is also the type of beverage for which the age is important- the longer it is kept the better it is eventually. So Dewer`s teaches its consumers to appreciate not only status and quality but time as well. The message of the ad is clear: Tarantino is sitting in a dark room of some luxurious restaurant on a leather sofa drinking his glass of Dewar`s with ice. This image implies everything that most men probably want when they dream of status and money. The appearance of Quentin on the ad symbolizes that on this stage of recognition and success people do not need attention; they need their good old glass of whisky to savor life. The motto of the advertisement fits the overall mood â€Å"there are two types of people in this world, those who are planning to do something and those who do†. This slogan is some kind of a call for action for most men because action is the only possible way for achievement, and we, people living in the

Nurse Staffing and the Quality of Patient Care Essay

Nurse Staffing and the Quality of Patient Care - Essay Example ency that translates to improved care to patients, leading to swift recovery and reduced patients’ mortality rates because they have the full attention of the nurses throughout their convalescence (Needleman, et al, 2002). On the other hand, when the ratio of nurses to patients is low this contributes low quality patient care, increased medical errors and high mortality rates of patients this is due to overwork and fatigue among the nurses, which reduces their efficiency. In conclusion, it can be said that the level of nurse staffing does indeed have an impact on the quality of care that patients receive since patient to nurse ratio has a direct impact on the effectiveness of nurses, occurrences of medical errors and patient mortalities. Therefore, it is paramount despite the increased health care cost and the urge to offer quality care at a reduced cost, that the nurse to patient ratio be maintained at an adequate level to ensure efficiency and effectiveness is

Understanding and meeting the needs of elderly citizen in the Thesis

Understanding and meeting the needs of elderly citizen in the hospitality industry - Thesis Example Understanding and meeting the needs of elderly citizen in the hospitality industry After extensive literature review, the methodology was explained. The findings have been given in chapter IV and all objectives have been achieved. This was a qualitative study based on literature review and survey questionnaire. The study concludes that the elderly segment is a high potential group with several sub-groups within the group. The demographic changes pose several challenges to the hospitality sector but it is worth working towards these challenges. This is a heterogeneous group with their own characteristics. They are fun-lovers and have the money power to indulge in comfort, convenience and luxury, as their individual situation permits. Their needs depend not just upon the chronological age but also on the biological and the psychological age. The self-concept and the self-image also impact their needs and wants. All these again depend upon the level of education and income level. This has also given them the consumer power as they have better control over themselves, over their needs, over their expenses and how they want to use their money. They have reached a phase where they value their own self and would like to spend on self-development. The hospitality sector can benefit by taking note of the recommendations made in Chapter IV. This is a segment which offers tremendous scope for growth and the segment is growing. However, needs and wants keep changing with every generation and hence the hospitality sector should conduct regular surveys and the market research should be ongoing so that they can keep themselves abreast of the changing consumer preferences of the elderly segment. The study has made suggestion for further research on the subject before highlighting the imitations of the study. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Rationale for research 3 1.3 Research aims and Objectives 4 1.4 Significance of the study 5 1.5 Scope and limitation of the study 6 1.6 Structure of the study 6 1.7 Key terms 7 Chapter II Lite rature Review 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Global macro demographic shifts, challenges, changes 9 2.3 Characteristics of the elderly consumer behaviour 10 2.4 Different levels of needs of elderly citizen 12 2.5 Reasons why elderly travel 15 2.6 Summary of literature review 16 Chapter III Methodology 17 3.1 Research philosophy 17 3.2 Research phenomenon 17 3.3 Research approach 17 3.4 Research design 18 3.5 Role of the researcher 19 3.6 Data collection 19 3.7 Data Analysis 21 3.8 Ethical concerns 21 3.9 Reliability and validity 22 Chapter IV Presentation of Results 4.1 Introduction 23 4.2 Findings 23 4.3 Discussion 26 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 31 5.2 Recommendations for further research 32 5.3 Limitations 33 References 34 Appendix 35 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Countries all over the world have been experiencing a hike in the elderly population as the life span has increased. Along with the life span, the quality of life too has increased with advanc ements in technology and medication. Advancing age brings about changes in consumer needs, wants and abilities (Meneely, Strugnell & Burns, 2009). Many studies in the past have attempted to describe and understand the elderly consumer but the elderly consumer segment has gained importance in recent years because of their size and buying power (Meadow, Cosmas & Plotkin, 1981). The ageing