Timeline of the History of Psychology

Timeline of the History of psychological scienceThe History of PsychologyMarisa AlexanderThe emergence of psychological science took place in eras. The contri scarcelyors of a completion picture the close unavoidable step for improvement of new philosophies sometime discarding wholly or part of the previous to provide a new linear perspective. This essay result explore the major contributors from the ancient Greeks to more modern times and controvert the improvement over time to where psychological science is seen as a science.between 470-322BCE rose three major philosophers that played a pivotal persona shaping western philosophical thinking. Philosophers much(prenominal) as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the foundation of what psychological science as a science is today. They were switching from using mysticism or mythology to understand their world to experience and scientific inquiry. Socrates used the power of debate and was the first to use a scientific org asm to psychology that rivet on non-homogeneous causes of behaviour (Hergenhahn, 2009). His student Plato followed in his footsteps. Plato believed that ideas were ingrained and the idea is the mechanism of rational processes. His innate ideas were denied by Aristotle who suggested that the heart was the mechanism of psychogenic processes. He proposed that emotions emphasized surveys and behaviour and cause selective perception in the environment.Their doctrine flourished in that stream and even after Athens defeat.The Greek city-state was defeated by Sparta (431-404 B.C) which caused the collapse of Athens. The Romans invaded the Greek territory and there was a need for a philosophical system that can address the instabilities and ills of this era. To address this screw the Romans pore on helping individualists live a good life. Philosophies such as stoicism, skepticism, Epicureanism and Neo-Platonism emerged. These philosophies were involved in the transition from p hilosophy to Christianity. There were various conflicting versions of Christianity so to eliminate this issue Constanine placed the responsibility on bishops to arrive at a single set of documents to govern Christian communities. Through this in C. 380 Christianity became the approved morality in Rome by Theodosius I. there were some aspects in philosophy that were useful to Christianity and was incorporated along with Judaism into the religion by Augustine.Augustines march fell into the medieval period this period marked the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the renascence period (approx. CE 400 CE1300). It was a period of rebirth and a transition from being God centred to being more humans centred (Hergenhahn, 2009). Having an have mind was one of the requirements of this time. Ushering in this period was the devastating epidemic the menacing Death which killed approximately one-third of Europe. This changed Europe social and economic dapple drastically for the worse. Frustration caused Europe to seek comfort in Christianity. It was a time when the Roman Catholic Church was the authoritative figure in all aspects of Europes life. The renaissance period was a delicate time for the church as it was threatened by the loss of its powers on the state. This made way for the emergence of leaders to govern the state without the church. early(a) factors threatened the authority such as the invention of the printing foment by Johannes Gettenburg (1445). The invention meant that literature would be easily accessible and non just owned by the elite. It also meant that they would not have to affirm on the interpretations of the priest but they can read and interpret for themselves.The period steered way for new philosophies that would belief in individual potential, see religion as more personal and less institutionalized, show an intense beguile in the classics, and have a negative attitude toward Aristotles philosophy (Hergenhahn, 2009). Bacon , Descartes and Galileo drub emerged around C.1610 which created a scientific revolution in psychology. Bacon was an empiricist whose smashing deal for sciences was to be able to solve human problems. He focused on inductive reasoning which dealt with facts that can be observed. Descartes on the other hand, was a rationalist who saw the mind and body as two key out entities. The body is observable and measurable. In contrast, the mind is not directly observable. He also stated that ideas were innate and they be experienced with such preciseness and uniqueness that they need to be accepted as true. Galileo explored the laws that governed the physical world. He tried to apply the laws of the universe in understanding human thought and behavior through deductive reasoning which deals with predicting an event from general principle. So based on the laws he concluded that psychology was impossible to predict because of the subjective nature of human thought (Hergenhahn, 2009).Locke was an empiricist who opposed Descartes philosophy of innate idea (King, Viney Woody, 2009). In 1690 Locke published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which defended sensualism and concerned itself with determining the boundaries of human understanding in respect to a wide variety of topics (Uzgalis, 2001). Locke thought that if all humans had innate ideas as Descartes stated, then all humans should possess these ideas and since they do not, then Descartes philosophy of it is not true. He believed that our minds were like a blank paper or slates at birth and through sensory experiences it would be furnished with the necessary ideas.In 1808 Gall had a different perspective for understanding human behavior. He believed that faculties (personality and intelligence traits) were stored in specific parts of the brain (King et al, 2009). The bring to pass and size of a persons skill he believed was a good indication for presents or absence of personality and intelligence traits. charm Gall focused on physical features weber was concerned with sensations. Weber was the first to quantify perceived differences between a physical arousal and sensation, his diddle entailed experiments what looked at just evident differences between stimuli. Just noticeable difference is the standard detectable difference between the standard and the resemblance weight. He published his research on The Sense of Touch in 1834. other prelude surfaced called evolutionary psychology and was pioneered by Charles Darwin. In his outlet of the Origin of Species (1859) it explains that we develop behaviors and cognitive abilities to adapt to our environment for our survival (Houck 1999). xx years later there was a new discovery by Wilhelm Wundt, he was the first to establish a lab for studying psychology in 1879 and used introspection to collect information. He conducted experiments examining the physical on the psyche and agreed with Darwins concept on the importance of fitting ( Kim, 2006). In his research he recognized the need for scholarly journals but his new research did not fit with the established physiology or philosophy journals (King et al, 2009). So in 1881 he published the first issue of mental Studies.Wundt and Titchener dominated the introspective self-observation approach when Ebbinghaus began his research on human memory. Ebbinghaus was magisterial and cautious in his approach to the study of memory this changed the standard by confirming that higher cognitive processes could also be studied scientifically. His manner moved the study of memory out of philosophy and into the domain of trial-and-error science. His study showed that memorizing meaningless is more difficult that memorizing meaningful ones, an increase in the amount of material increases the amount of time it takes to learn it, re accomplishment is easier that initial learning and forgetting takes longer after relearning (Plunker 2013). He then discovered that forgetting happ ens rapidly advanced after learning occurs and slows down over time.He published his findings in 1885 storehouse A Contribution to observational Psychology.Hall was a functionalist and influential in launching psychology as a science and in its culture as a profession. Just as Ebbinghaus, Stanley used scientific methods in conducting his experiments his is famous for work on child development, especially adolescence (King et al, 2009). Hall spearheaded the scientific approaches in the field of psychology. In 1887 he launched theAmerican Journal of Psychology (APA), and in 1892 he organised the American Psychological Association and held the position as its first president (Perry, 2006). Calkins was the fourteenth (14th) president of APA in 1905 she did her dissertation and was refused her doctors degree from Harvard University even though she met the requirements.Thorndike was a behaviourist which is a branch of psychology dealing with objective experimental approach and learnin g behaviours. His possible action focused on joinings created in the mind between environmental stimuli and the beingnesss response, where as previous theorists focused on connections between ideas. In 1898 An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals was his thesis he wrote on his experiments conducted on animals (Wozniak, n.d). Apart from Thorndike, there ar other behaviourist who influenced psychology with their works, there are Watson, Skinner and Pavlov. Watson published a piece in 1913 on Psychology as the Behaviourist Views where he discussed his position on behaviorism and the theoretical goal to predict and control behaviour. He stated that itshould onlybe more or less things we can directly observe, that is, the relationship between the environment and the behaviour of the beingness (Watson, 1913). Skinner dealt with modifying behaviour through reinforcement and punishment. He did experiments with animals and published his work as The Behaviour of O rganisms in 1938. Then there was Pavlov who published his work on Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes in 1928 which dealt with finding from his experiment he discovered though observing a pattern. He noticed that the train was conditioned to have a reflex action this pattern was not the real intention of his experiment. This he called classical conditioning.A different perspective of psychology emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century that focused on the unconscious(p) part of the mind. This was developed by Freud, who stated that there are events or things that the mind cannot deal with that is stored in the unconscious. Also there are structures that make up our personality such as the id, ego and superego and the severally have a responsibility. He also proposed developmental stages which has a connection to sexuality or erogenous zones. Apart from this he stated that unconscious thought or issues manifested in dreams. Freud published Interpretations of Dreams in 1900 to describe his work on the subject. Freud had followers of his approach such as Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and his daughter Anna Freud. They all went on to depart from his theory and develop their own using his foundation.Another perspective to understanding human behaviour is Gestalt. This stool in psychology was launched by Wertheimer in 1905 and opposite to behavioural perspective that viewed the parts or saw thing on a molecular level this approach was more on a molar (holistic) level. It represents a more cognitive aspect in psychology since the focus is on perception and the forming of self-organizing tendencies which provide insight through an overall view. There were other theorist that followed this movement such as Wolfgang Khler and Kurt Koffka who worked with Wertheimer. Humanistic is similar to gestalt but they hand their focus from a more perceptual consciousness to cover the organisms entire state of being. Behaviour should be understood from a subjective perspective (individual experience) and it is not dependent on the past. Instead the individual is allowed to make their own choices or choose their own part. Rogers published the theory as it relates to counselling in 1942 in Counselling and Psychotherapy.The Latest great contribution to psychology was the publishing of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of psychogenic Disorders (DSM 5). This was published in 2013 and contained a classification system for diagnosing mental disorders. In the previous years there was one revision and umpteen four (4) editions of the same book. The first edition of this book was published in 1952 and ever since then as became the bible of mental disorders and useful providing rich information on the matter.In conclusion it was necessary for the development of psychology to be a science for it to go through the rigorous changes in time. There were many instances for the theorists living in that time to adopt the changes and mix in them into their t heories. As previously mentioned there were a lot of building of this approach for ancient Greek from philosophy with many other hard sciences such as physics, physiology add to it throughout the years to be developed to what it is today.ReferencesHergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An inlet to the history of psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth Pub. Co..Houck, R. (n.d.). Charles Darwin. Psychology History. 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